Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Study Variables, by Age Group
| Full sample | Age 40–64 | Age 65 and above | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %/Mean (SD) | Range | %/Mean (SD) | %/Mean (SD) | Test statistics | |
| Loneliness | 3.09 (0.85) | 1–7 | 3.11 (0.88) | 3.04 (0.76) | |
| Sociabilitya | 5.74 (1.23) | 1–7 | 5.88 (1.08) | 5.40 (1.45) | t = 6.55*** |
| Reassuranceb | 5.14 (1.48) | 1–7 | 5.09 (1.47) | 5.26 (1.50) | |
| Pass timec | 2.48 (1.68) | 1–7 | 2.72 (1.74) | 1.88 (1.34) | t = 8.43*** |
| Instrumentalityd | 4.51 (1.66) | 1–7 | 4.54 (1.63) | 4.44 (1.73) | |
| Face-to-face social interaction | 3.63 (1.31) | 1–7 | 3.41 (1.27) | 4.13 (1.29) | t = −9.37*** |
| Age | |||||
| 40–64 years old | 69.80% | - | - | ||
| 65 plus years old | 30.20% | - | - | ||
| Gender | χ2 = 8.80** | ||||
| Male | 49.32% | 46.63% | 55.53% | ||
| Female | 50.68% | 53.37% | 44.47% | ||
| Education | χ2 = 59.86*** | ||||
| High school or less | 58.91% | 52.02% | 75.00% | ||
| College or more | 41.09% | 47.98% | 25.00% | ||
| Marital Status | |||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 18.98% | 18.63% | 19.80% | ||
| Married | 81.02% | 81.37% | 80.20% | ||
| Childlessness | χ2 = 29.75*** | ||||
| Has children | 87.54% | 84.28% | 95.15% | ||
| Does not have children | 12.46% | 15.72% | 4.85% | ||
| Work Status | χ2 = 271.32*** | ||||
| Not currently working | 34.20% | 20.07% | 67.18% | ||
| Currently working | 65.80% | 79.93% | 32.82% | ||
| Household Incomee | 3.24 (1.75) | 1–9 | 3.44 (1.75) | 2.80 (1.67) | t = 5.93*** |
| Health | χ2 = 87.01*** | ||||
| 0 chronic conditions | 51.91% | 58.56 | 35.95 | ||
| 1 chronic conditions | 28.78% | 28.38 | 29.73 | ||
| 2 or more chronic conditions | 19.32% | 13.06 | 34.32 | ||
| Smartphone owner | 4.25% | 4.92% | 2.65% | ||
| Time/day using phone | χ2 = 15.31*** | ||||
| Less than 10 min | 21.14% | 19.35% | 25.33% | ||
| 10–50 min | 54.37% | 53.28% | 56.92% | ||
| 1 hr or more | 24.49% | 27.36% | 17.75% | ||
| Extent to which use mobile phone feature f | |||||
| Phone/Calling | 2.74 (1.41) | 0–4 | 2.93 (1.30) | 2.28 (1.56) | t = 7.73*** |
| 2.42 (1.62) | 0–4 | 2.83 (1.45) | 1.46 (1.57) | t = 15.28*** | |
| Website Viewing | 0.75 (1.30) | 0–4 | 1.01 (1.44) | 0.15 (0.58) | t = 11.52*** |
| Downloads | 0.23 (0.61) | 0–4 | 0.31 (0.69) | 0.06 (0.28) | t = 6.85*** |
| Navigation | 0.36 (0.77) | 0–4 | 0.46 (0.85) | 0.13 (0.44) | t = 7.24*** |
| Music | 0.17 (0.62) | 0–4 | 0.22 (0.70) | 0.06 (0.36) | t = 4.45*** |
| TV | 0.39 (0.81) | 0–4 | 0.51 (0.89) | 0.13 (0.51) | t = 7.93*** |
| Games | 0.25 (0.78) | 0–4 | 0.34 (0.90) | 0.05 (0.27) | t = 6.33*** |
| Voice/Text | 0.65 (1.13) | 0–4 | 0.79 (1.22) | 0.33 (0.78) | t = 7.00*** |
| Data Transfer | 0.27 (0.62) | 0–4 | 0.33 (0.65) | 0.14 (0.51) | t = 5.06*** |
| Pictures/Movies | 0.98 (0.83) | 0–4 | 1.08 (0.85) | 0.75 (0.74) | t = 6.59*** |
| Alarm Clock | 1.54 (1.80) | 0–4 | 1.89 (1.85) | 0.69 (1.36) | t = 11.54*** |
| Pedometer | 0.47 (1.21) | 0–4 | 0.33 (1.05) | 0.78 (1.47) | t = −6.24*** |
| Health Apps | 0.04 (0.35) | 0–4 | 0.04 (0.33) | 0.06 (0.40) | |
| Mobile Phone Feature | t = 13.86*** | ||||
| Use Index | 0.82 (0.53) | 0–4 | 0.94 (0.53) | 0.51 (0.39) | |
| Timing of survey | |||||
| Before 3–11 | 48.56% | 48.37% | 48.99% | ||
| After 3–11 | 51.44% | 51.63% | 51.01% | ||
Note: The descriptive and bivariate results are based on raw data.
aExtent to which respondent uses their mobile phone to keep in touch with friends or relatives, or to get to know other people; bextent to which respondent uses their mobile phone to feel safe and secure in case of an emergency, and to be available to families and friends; cextent to which respondent uses their mobile phone for passing time, relaxation, or entertainment purposes; dextent to which respondent uses their mobile phone to obtain news and information, schedule appointments, and coordinate activities. e1 = less than 2 million Yen, 1 = 2–4 million Yen, 2 = 4–6 million Yen…9 = more than 20 million Yen, 1 USD = approximately 77 Yen in 2011. f0 = never/phone does not have this feature, 1 = sometimes, 2 = 1 day a week, 3 = 2–3 days a week, 4 = every day.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.