Table 6.
Characteristics of original articles and reviews with plagiarism (n=495)
| Characteristic | Overall plagiarism n (%) | |||
| Any (%) | Some (%) | Moderate (%) | Extensive (%) | |
| Impact factor | ||||
| Yes (n=45) | 23 (51) | 9 (20) | 10 (22) | 4 (9) |
| No (n=450) | 290 (64) | 125 (28) | 86 (19) | 79 (18) |
| Open access | ||||
| Yes (n=342) | 206 (60) | 85 (25) | 64 (19) | 57 (17) |
| No (n=153) | 107 (70) | 49 (32) | 32 (21) | 26 (17) |
| Scope general | ||||
| Yes (n=239) | 171 (72) | 71 (30) | 58 (24) | 42 (18) |
| No (n=256) | 142 (55) | 63 (25) | 38 (15) | 41 (16) |
| Member of African Journals Partnership Project | ||||
| Yes (n=35) | 22 (63) | 12 (34) | 6 (17) | 4 (11) |
| No (n=460) | 291 (63) | 122 (27) | 90 (20) | 79 (17) |
| Plagiarism policy available | ||||
| Yes (n=127) | 69 (54) | 31 (24) | 21 (17) | 17 (13) |
| No (n=368) | 244 (66) | 103 (28) | 75 (20) | 66 (18) |
| Reference to text matching software | ||||
| Yes (n=80) | 34 (43) | 18 (23) | 11 (14) | 5 (6) |
| No (n=415) | 279 (67) | 116 (28) | 85 (20) | 78 (19) |
| Commercial publisher | ||||
| Yes (n=205) | 112 (55) | 51 (25) | 33 (16) | 28 (14) |
| No (n=290) | 201 (69) | 83 (29) | 63 (22) | 55 (19) |
| Country of corresponding author | ||||
| Nigeria (n=250) | 175 (70) | 63 (25) | 63 (25) | 49 (20) |
| South Africa (n=83) | 32 (39) | 19 (23) | 6 (7) | 7 (8) |
| Other African country (n=99) | 67 (68) | 33 (33) | 17 (17) | 17 (17) |
| Non-African country (n=63) | 39 (62) | 19 (30) | 10 (16) | 10 (16) |
| Type of study | ||||
| Cross sectional study (n=247) | 164 (66) | 78 (32) | 50 (20) | 36 (15) |
| Retrospective study (n=65) | 40 (62) | 22 (34) | 10 (15) | 8 (12) |
| Case report (n=42) | 27 (62) | 10 (24) | 9 (21) | 8 (19) |
| Trial (n=36) | 23 (64) | 6 (17) | 10 (28) | 7 (19) |
| Cohort study (n=22) | 9 (41) | 1 (5) | 4 (18) | 4 (18) |
| Review (n=21) | 14 (67) | 4 (19) | 0 | 10 (48) |
| Case control study (n=12) | 8 (67) | 0 | 5 (42) | 3 (25) |
| Case series (n=12) | 5 (42) | 3 (25) | 0 | 2 (17) |
| Qualitative study (n=9) | 6 (67) | 3 (33) | 3 (33) | 0 |
| Laboratory study (n=8) | 6 (75) | 2 (25) | 2 (25) | 2 (25) |
| Mixed methods (n=7) | 2 (29) | 1 (14) | 0 | 1 (14) |
| Before–after (n=7) | 3 (43) | 2 (29) | 1 (14) | 0 |
| Controlled before–after (n=7) | 6 (86) | 2 (29) | 2 (29) | 2 (29) |