Table 3.
Adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% CI for any chronic disease and multimorbidity ≥2 and ≥3, according to sociodemographic and health variables based on hierarchical Poisson regression; Manaus metropolitan region, Brazil, 2015 (n=4 001)
| Variable | Any chronic disease PR (95% CI) | P values | Multimorbidity PR (95% CI) | |||
| ≥2 | P values | ≥3 | P values | |||
| Demographic block* | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Female | 1.19 (1.12 to 1.25) | <0.001 | 1.66 (1.50 to 1.83) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.88 to 2.56) | <0.001 |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 25–34 | 1.33 (1.19 to 1.48) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.42 to 2.30) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.24 to 2.84) | 0.003 |
| 35–44 | 1.63 (1.47 to 1.81) | <0.001 | 2.85 (2.26 to 3.60) | <0.001 | 3.40 (2.28 to 5.06) | <0.001 |
| 45–59 | 1.91 (1.72 to 2.12) | <0.001 | 4.36 (3.48 to 5.46) | <0.001 | 7.62 (5.22 to 11.10) | <0.001 |
| ≥60 | 2.32 (2.08 to 2.57) | <0.001 | 5.68 (4.51 to 7.15) | <0.001 | 12.03 (8.20 to 17.66) | <0.001 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Married | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.07) | 0.521 | 1.20 (1.07 to 1.33) | 0.001 | 1.21 (1.03 to 1.42) | 0.017 |
| Separated/divorced | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 0.961 | 1.24 (1.06 to 1.45) | 0.006 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.21) | 0.620 |
| Widower | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) | 0.475 | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.38) | 0.032 | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.26) | 0.962 |
| Skin colour | ||||||
| White/yellow | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Black/brown/Indigenous | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 0.006 | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.16) | 0.474 | 0.89 (0.75 to 1.05) | 0.175 |
| Socioeconomic block† | ||||||
| Education | ||||||
| High education or above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| High school | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.14) | 0.976 | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.12) | 0.357 | 0.73 (0.50 to 1.05) | 0.091 |
| Middle school | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.13) | 0.754 | 0.81 (0.63 to 1.06) | 0.135 | 0.80 (0.53 to 1.20) | 0.289 |
| Elementary school or less | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.29) | 0.106 | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.28) | 0.877 | 1.08 (0.75 to 1.55) | 0.667 |
| Economic classification | ||||||
| A–B | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| C | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.13) | 0.361 | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.17) | 0.881 | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.33) | 0.656 |
| D–E | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) | 0.207 | 1.15 (0.98 to 1.36) | 0.075 | 1.15 (0.89 to 1.49) | 0.254 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Formal job | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Informal job | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | 0.223 | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.13) | 0.728 | 0.98 (0.76 to 1.28) | 0.929 |
| Retired | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.06) | 0.363 | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.32) | 0.258 | 1.39 (1.02 to 1.88) | 0.033 |
| Student/housewife | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.331 | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.14) | 0.767 | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.36) | 0.671 |
| Unemployed | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) | 0.081 | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.20) | 0.949 | 1.13 (0.83 to 1.54) | 0.404 |
| Health block‡ | ||||||
| Private health insurance | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) | 0.913 | 1.03 (0.90 to 1.18) | 0.593 | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.28) | 0.771 |
| Health status | ||||||
| Very good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Good | 1.43 (1.24 to 1.64) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.23 to 2.15) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.09 to 2.99) | 0.020 |
| Fair | 1.94 (1.69 to 2.23) | <0.001 | 2.84 (2.15 to 3.76) | <0.001 | 4.21 (2.56 to 6.93) | <0.001 |
| Bad | 2.01 (1.80 to 2.41) | <0.001 | 3.53 (2.64 to 4.71) | <0.001 | 6.25 (3.74 to 10.47) | <0.001 |
| Very bad | 1.91 (1.60 to 2.27) | <0.001 | 3.70 (2.73 to 5.00) | <0.001 | 7.89 (4.71 to 13.23) | <0.001 |
| Health reference§ | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.12 (1.06 to 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.19 to 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.20 to 1.63) | <0.001 |
| Physician visit | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.22) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.07 to 1.40) | 0.002 | 1.33 (1.09 to 1.64) | 0.005 |
| Hospitalisation | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.27) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.20 to 1.54) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.17 to 1.74) | <0.001 |
| Dengue | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.16) | 0.079 | 1.23 (1.08 to 1.41) | 0.001 | 1.36 (1.13 to 1.64) | 0.001 |
| Malaria | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.01) | 0.109 | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.13) | 0.653 | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.26) | 0.947 |
| Type of service | ||||||
| Primary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Secondary | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.518 | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.22) | 0.265 | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.40) | 0.129 |
| Tertiary | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.00) | 0.086 | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.12) | 0.780 | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.25) | 0.489 |
| Outros | 0.92 (0.82 to 1.03) | 0.180 | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.17) | 0.723 | 1.13 (0.85 to 1.51) | 0.374 |
Significant variables kept in each block of analysis:
Any chronic disease: *sex, age, marital status and race; †sex, age, marital status, education, income, occupation; ‡sex, age, marital status, income, occupation, private health insurance, health status, health reference, medical consultation in last 12 months, hospital admission in last 12 months, dengue, malaria and type of health service that usually comes.
≥2 morbidities: *sex, age, marital status and race; †sex, age, marital status, education, income, occupation; ‡sex, age, marital status, income, occupation, private health insurance, health status, health reference, medical consultation in last 12 months, hospital admission in last 12 months, dengue, malaria and type of health service that usually comes.
≥3 morbidities: *sex, age, marital status and race; †sex, age, marital status, education, income, occupation; ‡sex, age, marital status, income, occupation, private health insurance, health status, health reference, medical consultation in last 12 months, hospital admission in last 12 months, dengue, malaria and type of health service that usually comes.
§Seeking the same healthcare service when in need of attendance.