Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population overall and by CKD (MDRD and CKD-EPI) status
| Variables | Total (n=1564) | MDRD | CKD-EPI | ||||
| Without CKD (n=1470) |
CKD (n=94) |
P values | Without CKD (n=1517) |
CKD (n=47) |
P values | ||
| Age (years) | 50 (37–61) | 49 (36–59) | 68 (62–74) | <0.0001 | 50 (36–60) | 69 (63–77) | <0.0001 |
| Gender (n, % male) | 389 (24.9) | 372 (25.3) | 17 (18.1) | 0.215 | 373 (24.6) | 16 (34.0) | 0.093 |
| Anthropometry | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 72.0 (59.2–85.5) | 71.9 (59.0–85.5) | 74.0 (64.6–85.8) | 0.2058 | 72.0 (59.2–85.5) | 73.5 (64.1–85.7) | 0.6903 |
| WC (cm) | 91.8 (78.5–103.5) | 91.2 (77.8–103.0) | 97.7 (89.0–105.8) | 0.0001 | 91.5 (78.1–103.5) | 96.0 (87.8–106.5) | 0.0225 |
| HC (cm) | 102.8 (92.5–113.5) | 102.5 (92.1–113.5) | 104.3 (96.5–114.2) | 0.1138 | 102.8 (92.5–113.8) | 101.5 (95.8–111.5) | 0.9439 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 (22.9–34.2) | 28.3 (22.7–34.1) | 30.3 (26.1–35.1) | 0.0096 | 28.4 (22.9–34.2) | 28.3 (24.7–34.4) | 0.3836 |
| Biochemical analysis | |||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 (4.6–5.7) | 5.0 (4.6–5.6) | 5.3 (5.0–6.9) | <0.0001 | 5.0 (4.6–5.6) | 5.3 (5.0–7.7) | 0.0014 |
| 2Hour glucose (mmol/L) | 6.0 (4.9–7.6) | 6.0 (4.8–7.5) | 7.2 (5.8–9.2) | <0.0001 | 6.0 (4.8–7.5) | 7.5 (5.7–9.2) | 0.0034 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 (5.4–6.3) | 5.7 (5.4–6.2) | 6.2 (5.9–7.1) | <0.0001 | 5.8 (5.4–6.2) | 6.4 (5.9–7.3) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin (IU/L) | 6.7 (4.3–11.1) | 6.7 (4.2–10.9) | 8.4 (5.3–12.4) | 0.0089 | 6.7 (4.2–10.9) | 9.0 (5.3–12.4) | 0.0323 |
| 2-Hour insulin (IU/L) | 38 (20.6–71.8) | 37.5 (19.8–69.8) | 62.0 (30.3–105.6) | 0.0002 | 37.8 (20.3–70.5) | 63.5 (32.6–105.2) | 0.0072 |
| HOMA-IR (MU) | 1.6 (0.9–2.9) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 2.1 (1.2–3.9) | 0.0004 | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 2.4 (1.3–3.8) | 0.0026 |
| hsCRP (µg/mL) | 4.0 (1.6–8.8) | 4.0 (1.6–8.8) | 4.7 (2.7–9.3) | 0.0492 | 4.0 (1.6–8.8) | 4.8 (2.4–7.5) | 0.4268 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | <0.0001 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.8 (1.1–2.4) | 0.0001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.1 (4.4–5.9) | 5.1 (4.3–5.9) | 5.4 (4.8–6.4) | 0.0024 | 5.1 (4.4–5.9) | 5.3 (4.4–6.0) | 0.2226 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.1 (2.5–3.8) | 3.1 (2.5–3.8) | 3.2 (2.7–4.3) | 0.0668 | 3.1 (2.5–3.8) | 3.1 (2.5–3.9) | 0.9444 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 0.7106 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 0.5132 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 60 (52–70) | 59 (51–68) | 111.5 (89.0–140.5) | <0.0001 | 59 (51–69) | 140 (124–209) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | - | 104.0 (88.0–121.0) | 48.2 (33.7–55.4) | <0.0001 | 113.9 (101.4–126.5) | 44.7 (26.4–49.6) | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure measures | |||||||
| Mean SBP (mm Hg) | 125 (111–141) | 125 (110–140) | 142 (121–162) | <0.0001 | 125 (111–140) | 150 (128–181) | <0.0001 |
| Mean DBP (mm Hg) | 81 (72–90) | 81 (72–90) | 81 (74–95) | 0.2114 | 81 (72–90) | 85 (73–95) | 0.2185 |
| Pulse pressure (BPM) | 70 (62–79) | 70 (62–79) | 70 (60–81) | 0.9932 | 70 (62–79) | 73 (62–82) | 0.3861 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2; n (%)) | 361 (23.2) | 335 (22.9) | 26 (29.5) | 0.139 | 348 (23.1) | 13 (28.9) | 0.348 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2; n (%)) | 662 (42.6) | 617 (42.1) | 45 (51.1) | 0.085 | 642 (42.5) | 20 (44.4) | 0.771 |
| Pre-diabetes, n (%) | 238 (15.2) | 226 (15.4) | 12 (12.8) | 0.671 | 233 (15.4) | 5 (10.6) | 0.436 |
| T2D, n (%) | 297 (19.0) | 259 (17.6) | 38 (40.4) | <0.0001 | 272 (17.9) | 25 (53.2) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 567 (36.3) | 517 (35.2) | 50 (53.2) | <0.0001 | 537 (35.4) | 30 (63.3) | <0.0001 |
Data is presented as median (25th-75th percentiles) and percentages.
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, Glycated haemoglobin; HC, hip circumference; HDL-C, high-density lipoproteins; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IFG/IGT, impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance; LDL-C, low-density lipoproteins; MU, mass units; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC, waist circumference.