Table 1.
Overview of all measurement instruments for the traumatic brain injury patients and the times of administration.
| Parameter | Instrument | Screening (<6 weeks) | 3 months | 6 months | 12 months | 18 months | |
| Main outcome parameters | |||||||
|
|
Subjective fatigue | Fatigue Severity Scale [32] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Subjective sleep quality | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [33] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Predictors | |||||||
|
|
Pain (subjective) | Visual analogue scale pain [34] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Objective cognitive performance | Stroop, COWATa, digit span, SDMTb [35] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Physical activity | 7 days actigraphy [36] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Emotional distress | Hospital anxiety and depression scale [37] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Cognitive complaints | Dysexecutive Questionnaire Revised [38] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Participation | Utrecht Scale for Evaluation and Rehabilitation-Participation [39] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Social support | Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [40] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Secondary outcome parameters | |||||||
|
|
Objective sleep wake disturbances | 7-days actigraphy [41] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Objective fatigue | Psychomotor vigilance task [42] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Group characteristics and monitor the participants | |||||||
|
|
TBI characteristics | Injury severity such as structural imaging data, LOCc, PTAd, injury severity score; causes of injury; comorbid (physical) injuries, seizures; drug or alcohol intoxication during injury from the hospital database. | ✓ | — | — | — | — |
|
|
Demographics | Age, gender, education, marital status, and work status | ✓ | — | — | — | — |
|
|
Premorbid sleep | Premorbid question of PSQIe [33] | ✓ | — | — | — | — |
|
|
Premorbid participation | Premorbid frequency and satisfaction of the USER-Pf [39] | ✓ | — | — | — | — |
|
|
Daytime sleepiness | Epworth Sleepiness Scale [43] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Multidimensional aspects of fatigue | Dutch Multi-Factor Fatigue Scale [44] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Subjective sleep-wake | 7 days sleep diary [45] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Posttraumatic stress disorders | PTSDg checklist for DSM-5 [46] | — | — | ✓ | — | ✓ |
|
|
Coping style | Proactive and passive coping scale of the Utrecht Coping List [47] | — | ✓ | — | — | ✓ |
|
|
Drugs/alcohol/medication use | Demographic questionnaire | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
|
|
Sleepiness preceding the task | Karolinska sleepiness scale [48] | — | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
aCOWAT: controlled word association test.
bSDMT: symbol digit modalities test.
cLOC: loss of consciousness.
dPTA: posttraumatic amnesia.
ePSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
fUSER-P: Utrecht Scale for Evaluation and Rehabilitation-Participation.
gPTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder.