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. 2018 Oct 18;20(10):e276. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8784

Table 2.

Socioeconomic characteristics of respondents who reported personal health management (PHM) use by number of chronic conditions.

Variable Without chronic condition (N=22,965) One chronic condition (N=13,325) Multiple chronic conditions (N=13,771)

All, n (%) PHM, n (%) All, n (%) PHM, n (%) All, n (%) PHM, (%)
Education






No college 8443 (36.76) 318 (3.77) 5133 (38.52) 268 (5.22) 6495 (47.16) 386 (5.94)

College 14,522 (63.24) 2314 (15.93) 8192 (61.48) 1728 (21.09) 7276 (52.84) 1643 (22.58)
Family income (US $)





<50,000 12,023 (52.35) 844 (7.02) 7053 (52.93) 639 (9.06) 8633 (62.69) 733 (8.49)

50,000+ 10,942 (47.65) 1788 (16.34) 6272 (47.07) 1357 (21.64) 5138 (37.31) 1296 (25.22)
Poverty






Yes 4210 (18.33) 224 (5.32) 2218 (16.65) 148 (6.67) 2500 (18.15) 131 (5.24)

No 18,755 (81.67) 2408 (12.84) 11,107 (83.35) 1848 (16.64) 11,271 (81.85) 1898 (16.84)
Number of employees





<50 15,302 (66.63) 1421 (9.29) 8467 (63.54) 1076 (12.71) 8442 (61.30) 1081 (12.81)

51+ 7663 (33.37) 1211 (15.80) 4858 (36.46) 920 (18.94) 5329 (38.70) 948 (17.79)
Employed






Employed 16,634 (72.43) 2139 (12.86) 8063 (60.51) 1448 (17.96) 4984 (36.19) 1093 (21.93)

Unemployed 6331 (27.57) 493 (7.79) 5262 (39.49) 548 (10.41) 8787 (63.80) 936 (10.65)
Insurance






Yes 17,888 (77.89) 2462 (13.76) 11,308 (84.86) 1868 (16.52) 12,716 (92.34) 1950 (15.34)

No 5077 (22.11) 170 (3.35) 2017 (15.14) 128 (6.35) 1055 (7.66) 79 (7.49)
Housing






Own home 12,024 (52.36) 1533 (12.75) 8231 (61.77) 1339 (16.27) 9057 (65.88) 1493 (16.48)

Do not own 10,941 (47.64) 1099 (10.04) 5094 (38.23) 657 (12.90) 4714 (34.23) 536 (11.37)
Food security






Insecure 1291 (5.62) 84 (6.51) 991 (7.44) 69 (6.96) 1459 (10.59) 138 (9.46)

Secure 21,674 (94.38) 2548 (11.76) 12,334 (92.56) 1927 (15.62) 12,312 (89.41) 1891 (15.36)
Cost barriers






Yes 3811 (16.59) 355 (9.32) 2672 (20.05) 342 (12.80) 2678 (19.45) 362 (13.52)

No 19,154 (83.41) 2277 (11.89) 10,653 (79.95) 1654 (15.53) 11,093 (80.55) 1667 (15.03)
Other barriers






Yes 1825 (7.95) 356 (19.51) 1528 (11.47) 292 (19.11) 11,618 (84.37) 1666 (14.34)

No 21,140 (92.05) 2276 (10.77) 11,797 (88.53) 1704 (14.44) 2153 (15.63) 363 (16.86)