Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all included studies.
| Author, year | Study design | Device | Patients, N | Female, n (%) | Age, mean (SD) | Follow up (days) | Type of pain |
| Blödt et al, 2018 [21] | RCTa | Sb | 221 | 221 (100) | 24 (3.6) | 174c | Recurrent menstrual pain |
| Sun et al, 2017 [27] | RCT | S | 46 | 14 (30.4) | 67.5 (N/Ad) | 14 | Chronic cancer |
| Skrepnik et al, 2017 [25] | RCT | S | 211 | 106 (50.2) | 62.6 (9.4) | 90 | Chronic walking pain |
| Raj et al, 2017 [34] | cBASe | Tf | 214 | 103 (48.1) | 60.1 (12.7) | 21 | Chronic cancer |
| Oldenmenger et al, 2017 [33] | BASg | S/T/Ch | 84 | 44 (52.4) | 59 (11) | 42 | Chronic cancer |
| Lee et al, 2017 [32] | BAS | S | 23 | 10 (43.5) | 28.1 (3) | 56 | Chronic neck pain |
| Jibb et al, 2017 [31] | BAS | S | 40 | 17 (42.5) | 14.2 (1.7) | 28 | Chronic cancer |
| Huber et al, 2017 [35] | RDAi | S/T/C | 180 | 105 (58.3) | 33.9 (10.9) | 84 | Chronic low back pain |
| Jamison et al, 2016 [30] | BAS | S | 90 | 58 (64.4) | 46.7 (12.9) | 180 | Chronic pain |
| Guétin, de Diego et al, 2016 [29] | BAS | S | 53 | 42 (79.3) | 47.4 (16.5) | —j | Chronic pain |
| Guétin, Brun et al, 2016 [28] | BAS | S | 35 | 17 (48.6) | 61.3 (11.6) | — | Acute pain before coronarography |
| Stinley et al, 2015 [26] | RCT | T | 40 | 20 (50) | 12.3 (2.9) | — | Acute needle stick pain |
| Schatz et al, 2015 [24] | RCT | S | 46 | 27 (58.7) | 13 (2.5) | 112 | Chronic pain in sickle cell disease |
| Irvine et al, 2015 [23] | RCT | S/T/C | 597 | 358 (60) | N/A (N/A) | 112 | Chronic low back pain |
| Guillory et al, 2015 [22] | RCT | S | 82 | 51 (75) | 48.6 (11.6) | 28 | Chronic non cancer pain |
aRCT: randomized controlled trial.
bS: smartphone.
cDuration of six menstruation cycles with a mean of 29 days.
dN/A: not available.
ecBAS: controlled before-after study.
fT: computer tablet
gBAS: before-after study.
hC: computer.
iRDA: retrospective data analysis.
jNot applicable.