Table 2.

Factors Associated With Primary Care Clinicians’ Willingness to Provide Routine Care for Transgender Patients and Pap Tests for Transgender Men (N = 140)

	Routine Care for Transgender Patients		Pap Test for Transgender Men
	No. (%)	P Value	No. (%)	P Value
Clinician characteristics
Age (mean, SD)		.042		.246
Willing	38.7 (13.2)		39.0 (13.4)
Not willing	45.3 (13.5)		42.2 (13.3)
Sex		.262		.511
Male	89.7		75.9
Female	82.9		80.5
Continent of origin		.002		.044
North America/Caribbean	92.3		83.5
Other	72.9		68.8
Political views		.379		.101
Liberal	89.4		86.4
Moderate	80.4		72.5
Conservative	87.0		69.6
Specialty		.940		.020
Internal medicine	85.6		73.2
Family medicine	86.0		90.7
Clinician type		.156		.165
Resident	90.4		83.6
Advanced practitioner	100.0		100.0
Attending MD	79.7		71.9
Exposure
Ever met a transgender person		.020		<.001
Yes	89.6		85.8
No	73.5		55.9
Transgender patient in past 5 years		.022		.012
Yes	92.0		86.7
No	78.5		69.2
Barriers & facilitators
Empathy (mean, SD)		.035		.083
Willing	5.5 (1.4)		5.5 (1.3)
Not willing	4.8 (1.6)		4.9 (1.8)
Transphobia (mean, SD)		.007		<.001
Willing	3.1 (1.0)		3.0 (1.0)
Not willing	3.8 (1.3)		3.8 (1.1)
Lack of training on transgender health		.240		.006
Yes	82.1		68.7
No	89.0		87.7
Lack of exposure to transgender patients		.022		.013
Yes	76.9		67.3
No	90.9		85.2
Lack of knowledge about transgender		.018		.018
care among staff
Yes	75.6		66.7
No	90.5		84.2
Lack of familiarity with guidelines		.782		.027
Yes	84.9		71.2
No	86.6		86.6
Capable of providing routine care		<.001		.043
Yes	99.0		83.3
No	56.8		68.2

Pap = Papanicoulou.