Table 1.

Sample characteristics (N = 343)

	na	%	M	SD
Maternal age (years)			30.21	5.83
Maternal race/ethnicity
White	106	31
Black	93	27
Hispanic	124	36
Otherb	20	6
Maternal relationship status
Married	179	52
Living together	88	26
Otherc	74	22
Maternal educational attainment
<High school completion	79	23
Graduated high school/GED	42	12
Some college	78	23
College degree	65	19
Graduate degree	76	22
Annual household income
< $10,000	34	10
$10,000 - $19,999	61	18
$20,000 - $34,999	49	14
$35,000 - $49,999	35	10
$50,000 - $69,999	20	6
$70,000 - $100,000	32	9
$100,000+	86	25
Current homeownership (yes)	116	34
Parental homeownership in childhoodd
0 developmental periods	103	30
1–2 developmental periods	61	18
3 developmental periods	179	52
Maternal hair cortisol, log-transformed, 1st trimestera			0.72	0.80
Maternal hair cortisol, log-transformed, 2nd trimestera			0.74	0.74
Maternal hair cortisol, log-transformed, 3rd trimestera			0.92	0.75
Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), kg/m2			26.14	6.02
Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy (yes)	60	18
Maternal use of inhaled corticosteroids	25	7
Maternal use of topical corticosteroids	19	6
Mode of delivery (cesarean section)	92	27

^aData were missing for 0% to 8% of participants across study variables, with the exception of hair cortisol data. Hair cortisol data were available for n = 182 in 1^st trimester, n = 281 in 2^nd trimester, and n = 336 in 3^rd trimester.

^bThe majority categorized as “other” race/ethnicity self-identified as Asian or multiracial.

^cOther included never married (n = 37), divorced (n = 4), separated (n = 5), and other relationship status (n = 28).

^dDevelopmental periods assessed included early childhood (birth to 5 years old), middle childhood (6 to 10 years old), and adolescence (11 to 17 years old).