Table 2.
Characteristics of “T2D-Friendly” and “T2D-unfriendly” Beta-blocker Users in Older Nursing Home Residents with Type 2 Diabetes after Acute Myocardial Infarction, Before and After Propensity Score Matching
| Characteristics | n (%)†
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before Matching
|
After Matching
|
|||
| T2D- Friendly (n=815) | T2D-Unfriendly (n=2,040) | T2D-Friendly (n=765) | T2D-Unfriendly (n=765) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 80.0 (7.8) | 81.0 (7.9) | 80.2 (7.7) | 79.9 (8.1) |
| Female sex | 543 (66.6) | 1,424 (69.8) | 518 (67.7) | 522 (68.2) |
| Race | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 611 (75.0) | 1,553 (76.1) | 577 (75.4) | 578 (75.6) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 127 (15.6) | 317 (15.5) | 123 (16.1) | 119 (15.6) |
| Hispanic | 61 (7.5) | 119 (5.8) | 49 (6.4) | 50 (6.5) |
| AI/AN/API | 16 (2.0) | 51 (2.5) | 16 (2.1) | 18 (2.4) |
| Chronic conditions | ||||
| HF | 582 (71.4) | 963 (47.2) | 533 (69.7) | 532 (69.5) |
| COPD | 205 (25.2) | 508 (24.9) | 188 (24.6) | 208 (27.2) |
| Depression | 98 (12.0) | 279 (13.7) | 95 (12.4) | 90 (11.8) |
| Dyslipidemia | 226 (27.7) | 501 (24.6) | 202 (26.4) | 217 (28.4) |
| Hypertension | 591 (72.5) | 1,420 (69.6) | 550 (71.9) | 552 (72.2) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 187 (22.9) | 461 (22.6) | 172 (22.5) | 181 (23.7) |
| Tachyarrhythmias | 50 (6.1) | 106 (5.2) | 44 (5.8) | 48 (6.3) |
| T2D-related hospitalizations | ||||
| Hypoglycemia | 65 (8.0) | 179 (8.8) | 60 (7.8) | 58 (7.6) |
| Hyperglycemia | 96 (11.8) | 253 (12.4) | 92 (12.0) | 80 (10.5) |
| Elixhauser comorbidity score, median (IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) |
| ADL status before hospitalization‡ | ||||
| Independent to limited assistance required | 235 (28.8) | 519 (25.4) | 219 (28.6) | 223 (29.2) |
| Extensive assistance required | 352 (43.2) | 950 (46.6) | 329 (43.0) | 360 (47.1) |
| Extensive dependency | 228 (28.0) | 571 (28.0) | 217 (28.4) | 182 (23.8) |
| Cognitive status before hospitalization§ | ||||
| Intact or borderline intact | 187 (22.9) | 415 (20.3) | 172 (22.5) | 184 (24.1) |
| Mild to moderate dementia | 308 (37.8) | 672 (32.9) | 286 (37.4) | 280 (36.6) |
| Moderately severe to very severe dementia | 320 (39.3) | 953 (46.7) | 307 (40.1) | 301 (39.4) |
| CHESS score before hospitalization, mean (SD)¶ | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.8) |
| Geriatric symptoms before hospitalization | ||||
| Dizziness, vertigo, or syncope | <11 | 30 (1.5) | <11 | <11 |
| Falls | 148 (18.2) | 421 (20.6) | 142 (18.6) | 167 (21.8) |
| Dyspnea | 70 (8.6) | 143 (7.0) | 60 (7.8) | 67 (8.8) |
| No. of medications before hospitalization, median (IQR) | 13 (10–17) | 13 (10–16) | 13 (10–16) | 13 (10–16) |
| Medication use before hospitalization | ||||
| Statins | 300 (36.8) | 760 (37.3) | 279 (36.5) | 283 (37.0) |
| Antiplatelets | 153 (18.8) | 385 (18.9) | 145 (19.0) | 142 (18.6) |
| Warfarin | 97 (11.9) | 232 (11.4) | 88 (11.5) | 98 (12.8) |
| Atypical antipsychotics | 84 (10.3) | 250 (12.3) | 82 (10.7) | 82 (10.7) |
| Hypnotics | 86 (10.6) | 205 (9.9) | 79 (10.3) | 87 (11.4) |
| Metformin | 118 (14.5) | 359 (17.6) | 111 (14.5) | 107 (14.0) |
| Sulfonylureas | 181 (22.2) | 498 (24.4) | 171 (22.4) | 167 (21.8) |
| Rapid-acting insulin | 119 (14.6) | 295 (14.5) | 109 (14.3) | 114 (14.9) |
| Short-acting insulin | 190 (23.3) | 515 (25.3) | 186 (24.3) | 182 (23.8) |
| Long-acting insulin | 158 (19.4) | 417 (20.4) | 151 (19.7) | 149 (19.5) |
| Any T2D medication | 467 (57.3) | 1,256 (61.6) | 445 (58.2) | 448 (58.6) |
| Length of hospital stay for AMI, median (IQR), d | 6 (4–9) | 6 (4–9) | 6 (4–9) | 6 (4–9) |
| No. of days in ICU or CCU | ||||
| None | 263 (32.3) | 787 (38.6) | 254 (33.2) | 271 (35.4) |
| 1–2 | 223 (27.4) | 580 (28.4) | 213 (27.8) | 214 (28.0) |
| ≥3 | 329 (40.4) | 673 (33.0) | 298 (39.0) | 280 (36.6) |
| Nursing home care pathway after hospitalization | ||||
| Skilled nursing facility benefit | 634 (77.8) | 1,501 (73.6) | 593 (77.5) | 584 (76.3) |
| Long-term care | 181 (22.2) | 539 (26.4) | 172 (22.5) | 181 (23.7) |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CCU, cardiac care unit; CHESS, Changes in Health, End-Stage Disease, Signs, and Symptoms; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; T2D, type 2 diabetes; AI/AN/API, American Indian/Alaskan Native/Asian Pacific Islander; HF, heart failure.
Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100.
Measured using the Morris 28-point scale of Independence in ADLs and categorized as 0 to 14 (independent to limited assistance required), 15 to 19 (extensive assistance required), and 20 or higher (extensive dependency).
Measured by the Cognitive Performance Scale and trichotomized as 0 to 1 (Intact to borderline intact), 2 to 3 (mild to moderate dementia), and 4 to 6 (moderately severe to very severe dementia).
Scores range from 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater health instability.
Cells containing a value of less than 11 and any risk (percentage) that could be used in combination with other reported information to obtain a cell of less than 11 have been suppressed to comply with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Cell Size Suppression Policy.