| Diagnostic applications |
| Visualization and optically guided biopsies of: |
| Indeterminate biliary strictures |
| Dominant strictures in primary sclerosing cholangitis |
| Intraductal papillary neoplasms |
| Choledochal cysts |
| Post-liver transplant ductal ischemia |
| Intraductal spread of ampullary adenoma |
| Evaluation of fixed filling defects noted on cholangiogram |
| Differentiation of benign versus malignant intraductal mass |
| Precise mapping of intraductal cholangiocarcinoma prior to resection |
| Collection of fluid samples for cytology |
| Tissue sampling and visual evaluation for infections: |
| Cytomegalovirus |
| Fungal infections |
| Therapeutic applications |
| Stone fragmentation utilizing: |
| Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) |
| Laser lithotripsy (LL) |
| Ablative therapies for ductal cancer: |
| Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) |
| Photodynamic therapy |
| Nd-YAG laser ablation |
| Argon plasma coagulation (APC) |
| Cystic duct stent placement |
| Guidewire passage through strictures |
| Resection of ductal masses |
| Retrieval of migrated ductal stents |
