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Molecular communications between VEC and VIC populations. (A) Schematic to show known signaling pathways active between VEC and VIC populations that prevent CAVD. (B) Diagram to demonstrate known cellular functions regulated by VEC-VIC communications; the mechanisms underlying these functions are currently unknown, based on studies by Hjortnaes et al. (140). Purple cells represent valve endothelial cells, blue cells are valve interstitial cells.
