Figure 8.

H5N1 IAV infection increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines outside the cells to function. (A) PAN02 and (B) PANC-1 cells were treated or infected as described in Figure 5 and the culture media supernatant were harvested at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection. The expression of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Graphs shown are the mean ± SD of three independent replicates. Asterisks indicate statistically significant increases compared to mock-treated cells (ns, not significantly and ^***P < 0.001).