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. 2018 Nov 6;8:386. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00386

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Copyright © 2018 Huo, Xiao, Zhang, Tang, Wang, Qi, Xiao, Tian and Hu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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H5N1 IAV upregulates the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), cytolytic RNA helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5). (A) PAN02 and (B) PANC-1 cells were treated or infected as described in Figure 5 and harvested at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection. Total RNA was isolated at the designated times and examined by RT-qPCR. The mRNA expression of TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA-5 is shown. The data are presented as the relative fold change over mock treatment. Graphs shown are the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent replicates. Asterisks indicate statistically significant increases compared with mock-treated cells (^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.001).