Table 2.
“Explained” Mortality Gap (Rural/Urban), by Year
| 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Racial composition | −9.2 (−28.7, 10.3) | −10.4 (−41.9, 21.0) | −27.4 (−64.6, 9.7) | −0.2 (−31.8, 31.4) |
| Percent hispanic | 5.3 (−1.1, 11.6) | 10.8** (4.1, 17.4) | 41.5*** (24.2, 58.9) | 29.4*** (16.2, 42.7) |
| Percent foreign born | 12.1 (−5.4, 29.6) | 21.8 (−5.3, 48.8) | 52.0*** (26.9, 77.0) | 115.49*** (76.8, 154.0) |
| Age distribution | −16.0** (−25.2, −6.7) | −13.7** (−22.0, −5.5) | −15.4*** (−20.7, −10.1) | −17.7*** (−24.0, −11.4) |
| Net migration rate | −0.1 (−0.9, 0.6) | 0.01 (−3.6, 3.7) | 0.3 (−1.1, 1.7) | 5.1* (1.0, 9.2) |
| Region | −6.9* (−12.2, −1.6) | −3.4 (−7.8, 1.0) | 6.8* (1.7, 11.9) | 7.2* (0.5, 13.8) |
| Economic | ||||
| Education | 54.1*** (40.6, 67.7) | 58.9*** (47.1, 70.6) | 59.6*** (47.55, 71.6) | 36.9*** (24.3, 49.5) |
| Unemployment rate | 6.3*** (3.7, 9.0) | 9.9*** (6.2, 13.6) | 3.4* (0.7, 6.0) | −0.2 (−1.5, 1.1) |
| Poverty rate | −6.9 (−14.9, 1.2) | 0.7 (−10.6, 12.1) | 19.0*** (9.0, 29.0) | 23.1*** (14.3, 32.0) |
| MDs per capita | −11.2 (−28.1, 5.6) | −16.3* (−31.7, −0.9) | −8.2 (−21.3, 4.8) | −3.5 (−16.2, 9.2) |
| Total mortality difference explained | 27.5* | 58.2** | 131.5*** | 195.6*** |
| (Age‐adjusted deaths/100,000) | (3.0, 52.0) | (24.3, 92.1) | (95.0, 168.1) | (156.6, 234.6) |
Brackets represent 95% confidence intervals Values are reported as the difference between the observed age‐adjusted rural mortality rate and the estimated counterfactual (country characteristics) mortality rate (per 100,000).
* p < .05; ** p < .01; ***p < .001.
FPL, Federal Poverty Level.