Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics (mean ± SD).
| Younger participants (Y) (n = 14) | Older participants with lens replacement (IOL) (n = 12) | Older participants with their natural lens (NL) (n = 12) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 23.6 ± 2.5 | 69.6 ± 4.9 | 66.7 ± 5.1 | |
| Laterality (right-handed) | 14 | 12 | 12 | |
| Sex | 9W/5M | 10W/2M | 7W/5M | 0.39 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 22.5 ± 2.9 | 24.3 ± 2.9 | 22.8 ± 2.8 | 0.27 |
| Depression score (BDI-II) | 1.3 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 4.1 | 4 ± 4.7 | 0.17 |
| Anxiety score (BAI) | 2 ± 1.7 | 3 ± 3 | 2.3 ± 2.8 | 0.58 |
| Daytime Sleepiness (ESS) | 4.7 ± 3.6 | 4.1 ± 2.9 | 4.7 ± 4.3 | 0.89 |
| Sleep disturbance score (PSQI) | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 3.3 | 2.8 ± 2.4 | 0.59 |
| Chronotype score (MEQ) | 50.2 ± 7 | 56.9 ± 12.3 | 64.7 ± 9.3 | 0.002∗ |
| Y < IOL and NL | ||||
| Years of education | 15.7 ± 3.2 | 14 ± 1.8 | 15 ± 2.9 | 0.29 |
| Photoperiod | 13.5 ± 3.1 | 13 ± 2 | 12 ± 2.3 | 0.36 |
| Bedtime prior to experiment | 23:43 ± 0:38 | 23:19 ± 0:52 | 22:44 ± 1:04 | 0.02∗ |
| NL < IOL and Y | ||||
| Wake time prior to experiment | 7:59 ± 0:36 | 7:13 ± 0:55 | 7:06 ± 0:54 | 0.02∗ |
| Y > IOL & NL | ||||
| Total sleep time prior to experiment (h:min) | 7:03 ± 0:34 | 6:57 ± 0:52 | 7:12 ± 1:04 | 0.79 |
| Volume level of auditory stimuli in fMRI (arbitrary units) | –1135 ± 287 | –1288 ± 171 | –1224 ± 227 | 0.19 |
| LOCS-III | 1 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 0.03 |
| NL > IOL and Y | ||||
| Type of intraocular lens | 6 blue-blocking | |||
| Time lag between experiment and eye surgery (years) – mean value for right and left eye | /6 UV-clear | |||
| blue-blocking | 4.9 ± 2.4 | |||
| UV-clear | 5 ± 3.4 | 0.98 | ||
BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; LOCS-III, Lens Opacities Classification System III; MEQ, Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.