Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Each Insurance Status Group (Mean or Median [standard error] or %)
| Total Sample | Constantly Public (N = 909; 48.71%) | Constantly Private (N = 337; 18.06%) | Constantly Uninsured (N = 149; 7.98%) | Insurance Type Changed (N = 263; 14.09%) | Unstable Coverage (N = 208; 11.25% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age** | 59.42 (3.19) | 59.32 (3.21) | 59.87 (2.90) | 59.48 (3.29) | 59.61 (3.13) | 58.85 (3.43) |
| Race*** | ||||||
| Caucasian | 67.43 | 59.82 | 80.56 | 63.49 | 74.05 | 76.34 |
| African American | 20.79 | 25.79 | 14.42 | 14.28 | 17.57 | 15.59 |
| Others | 11.78 | 14.39 | 5.02 | 22.23 | 8.38 | 8.07 |
| Gender (female) | 68.99 | 67.63 | 74.32 | 71.07 | 67.66 | 65.48 |
| City residence** | 74.27 | 77.27 | 73.66 | 56.34 | 73.64 | 73.65 |
| Marital status *** | ||||||
| Constantly married | 35.03 | 27.33 | 39.81 | 46.03 | 43.93 | 45.69 |
| Constantly unmarried | 54.59 | 61.69 | 54.54 | 44.44 | 41.84 | 43.01 |
| Status changed | 10.38 | 10.98 | 5.32 | 9.53 | 14.23 | 11.30 |
| Education*** | ||||||
| Less than high school | 49.88 | 57.73 | 28.21 | 51.58 | 49.37 | 47.84 |
| High school graduates | 28.13 | 21.73 | 32.28 | 41.26 | 34.30 | 34.94 |
| Some college or higher | 21.99 | 20.54 | 39.51 | 7.14 | 15.89 | 17.22 |
| Employment*** | ||||||
| Constantly employed | 11.32 | 5.15 | 29.78 | 14.28 | 11.29 | 6.98 |
| Constantly unemployed | 54.37 | 68.27 | 33.22 | 25.39 | 52.71 | 44.08 |
| Status changed | 34.31 | 26.58 | 37.00 | 60.33 | 36.00 | 48.94 |
| Health | ||||||
| Work‐related disability *** | 39.68 | 58.39 | 11.91 | 2.38 | 40.58 | 19.35 |
| Multiple chronic conditions *** | 67.88 | 75.52 | 54.54 | 44.44 | 73.22 | 62.36 |
| Poverty status*** | ||||||
| Nonpoor (above 150%) | 35.98 | 28.97 | 56.42 | 33.33 | 38.49 | 32.79 |
| Near‐poor (100–150%) | 21.18 | 21.84 | 21.00 | 19.04 | 21.75 | 18.27 |
| Poor (50–99%) | 27.41 | 34.24 | 8.15 | 26.19 | 26.35 | 29.03 |
| Extremely poor (<50%) | 15.43 | 14.95 | 14.43 | 21.44 | 13.41 | 19.91 |
| Household income*** (median, $) | 13092.00 (10458.98) | 11160.00 (9011.44) | 18075.00 (12321.97) | 12887.00 (13609.44) | 14400.00 (9635.5) | 12500 (10393.96) |
| Out‐of‐pocket expenditure*** (median, $) | 288.00 (6212.66) | 250.00 (4729.60) | 318.00 (3370.76) | 300.00 (4823.43) | 200.00 (7438.89) | 400.00 (15443.05) |
| Logged OOPE*** (median) | 4.39 (3.04) | 3.25 (3.15) | 5.44 (2.38) | 3.93 (3.06) | 3.93 (2.89) | 4.52 (3.19) |
| OOPE burden | ||||||
| 5% of household income | 21.80 | 20.52 | 27.27 | 16.66 | 16.73 | 27.95 |
| 10% of household income* | 15.75 | 14.59 | 21.00 | 9.52 | 11.71 | 20.96 |
Statistically significance differences between insurance status groups are denoted by *(p < .05), **(p < .01), and ***(p < .001); N = 1,866.