Table 3.
Effects of Insurance and Poverty on Odds Ratio of Out‐of‐Pocket Expenditure Burden
| Model 1 | Model 2 + Interaction Terms | |
|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (Standard Error) | Odds Ratio (Standard Error) | |
| Insurance status (ref: constantly public) | ||
| Constantly private | 2.01 (0.37)*** | 0.78 (0.19) |
| Constantly uninsured | 1.19 (0.24) | 0.83 (0.26) |
| Insurance type changed | 0.96 (0.16) | 0.64 (0.18) |
| Unstable coverage | 1.64 (0.28)** | 1.33 (0.37) |
| Poverty level (ref: nonpoor) | ||
| Near‐poor | 1.41 (0.18)** | 1.08 (0.21) |
| Poor | 1.91 (0.25)*** | 1.21 (0.23) |
| Extremely poor | 7.64 (1.09)*** | 3.06 (0.68)*** |
| Interaction terms | ||
| Constantly private × near‐poor | 2.32 (0.80)* | |
| Constantly private × poor | 3.67 (1.59)** | |
| Constantly private × extremely poor | 17.81 (7.26)*** | |
| Constantly uninsured × near‐poor | 1.07 (0.44) | |
| Constantly uninsured × poor | 2.36 (0.95)* | |
| Constantly uninsured × extremely poor | 1.96 (0.81) | |
| Insurance type changed × near‐poor | 1.21 (0.48) | |
| Insurance type changed × poor | 1.21 (0.48) | |
| Insurance type changed × extremely poor | 3.71 (1.52)** | |
| Unstable coverage × near‐poor | 1.04 (0.40) | |
| Unstable coverage × poor | 1.27 (0.48) | |
| Unstable coverage × extremely poor | 1.86 (0.74) | |
| Cons | 0.10 (0.08)** | 0.14 (0.12)* |
| Log likelihood | −2366.32 (21)*** | −2333.92 (33)*** |
| Likelihood ratio test (∆χ 2) | 64.78 (12)*** | |
The odds ratios are based on random‐effects logistic models controlling for panel attrition, age, gender, race/ethnicity, city residence, education, employment status, marital status, and health status.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001; observations = 5,260; N = 1,866.