Table 3.
For Patients Discharged to Each PAC Setting, Characteristics of Patients at Hospitals that Joined and Did Not Join an ACO before and after Hospitals Joined ACOs
| Skilled Nursing Facility Cohort (n = 3,503,296) | Home Health Cohort (n = 1,597,751) | Inpatient Rehabilitation Cohort (n = 445,264) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Change in ACO Hospitalsa | Change in Non‐ACO Hospitalsb | p‐Valuec | Mean | Change in ACO Hospitalsa | Change in Non‐ACO Hospitalsb | p‐Valuec | Mean | Change in ACO Hospitalsa | Change in Non‐ACO Hospitalsb | p‐Valuec | |
| Age in years, mean | 82.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .27 | 78.7 | −0.1 | −0.1 | .68 | 79.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .92 |
| Female, % | 64.3 | −0.7 | −0.9 | .46 | 59.3 | −0.5 | −0.8 | .45 | 59.3 | −1.3 | −1.5 | .75 |
| Race, % | ||||||||||||
| White | 86.7 | −0.5 | −0.5 | .83 | 86.1 | 0.1 | −0.3 | .22 | 87.2 | −1.2 | −0.4 | .14 |
| Black | 9.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | .86 | 8.8 | −0.1 | 0.0 | .53 | 8.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | .75 |
| Hispanic | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | .91 | 1.9 | −0.2 | −0.1 | .64 | 1.6 | 0.0 | −0.1 | .42 |
| Other | 2.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | .49 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | .16 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.0 | .04 |
| Dual eligible, % | 26.4 | −1.7 | −1.9 | .44 | 13.4 | −1.1 | −0.7 | .34 | 9.9 | −0.5 | −0.4 | .95 |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 34.7 | 6.1 | 6.3 | .36 | 32.5 | 3.5 | 4.6 | .003 | 33.7 | 6.4 | 7.3 | .16 |
| Cancer | 11.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | .25 | 12.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | .92 | 9.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | .74 |
| Acute kidney disease | 25.7 | 3.0 | 3.5 | .07 | 16.6 | 1.6 | 2.2 | .03 | 16.3 | 3.5 | 3.9 | .55 |
| Congestive heart failure | 24.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | .25 | 17.5 | −0.3 | 0.0 | .30 | 15.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | .63 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 58.1 | 9.2 | 9.2 | .91 | 50.9 | 4.7 | 5.5 | .11 | 51.5 | 9.3 | 10.0 | .37 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 28.2 | 3.9 | 4.2 | .40 | 25.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | .08 | 22.0 | 5.4 | 4.6 | .28 |
| Reason for hospitalization, % | ||||||||||||
| Total hip or knee replacement | 8.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | .64 | 13.2 | 1.5 | 1.1 | .42 | 13.9 | −2.0 | −2.6 | .45 |
| Sepsis | 6.3 | 1.8 | 1.8 | .98 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | .32 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.0 | .11 |
| Congestive heart failure | 5.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | .66 | 6.3 | −0.2 | 0.0 | .24 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | .96 |
| Urinary tract infection | 4.4 | −0.3 | −0.4 | .34 | 2.5 | −0.1 | 0.0 | .90 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | .94 |
| Hip fracture | 5.6 | 0.1 | −0.1 | .08 | 0.9 | 0.0 | −0.1 | .16 | 9.8 | −0.7 | −1.3 | .24 |
| Pneumonia | 4.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | .96 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | .75 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | .04 |
a
Change from 2010 to 2013 among patients admitted to a hospital that participated in an ACO during the study period.
b
Change from 2010 to 2013 among patients admitted to a hospital that did not participate in an ACO during the study period.
c
p‐Value for difference in change over time between ACO hospitals and non‐ACO hospitals.