Table 4.
Parameter estimates of zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) and marginal ZINB Models for HIV prevalence; DHS survey results for Ethiopia, Kenya and Rwanda; 2008–2011.
| Random Effect marginal ZINB |
Random Effect ZINB |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variablesa | Rate ratio | 95% CI | 2 sided P value |
Rate ratio | 95% CI | 2 sided P value |
| Kenya | 4.80 | 0.88,26.03 | 0.07 | 2.38 | 0.59,9.61 | 0.22 |
| Rwanda | 6.02 | 2.11,17.22 | <0.01 | 2.81 | 1.2,6.55 | 0.02 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 0.07 | 0.03,0.21 | <0.01 | 0.38 | 0.15,0.98 | 0.04 |
| Use media at least 1 h per week | 1.90 | 0.55,6.56 | 0.31 | 2.50 | 0.83,7.55 | 0.11 |
| HIV knowledge | ||||||
| 20%–<40% | 0.03 | 0,0.73 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.01,2.16 | 0.15 |
| 40%–<60% | 0.06 | 0,1.1 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.02,3.74 | 0.32 |
| >=60% | 0.03 | 0,0.47 | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.04,7.16 | 0.63 |
| Number of partners | ||||||
| 1 | 1.95 | 0.55,6.89 | 0.30 | 5.57 | 1.68,18.5 | 0.01 |
| >=2 | 6.52 | 0.71,59.7 | 0.10 | 4.56 | 0.69,30.2 | 0.12 |
| HIV acceptance | ||||||
| Positive response to 1 question | 346.37 | 13.2,9087.91 | <0.01 | 25.05 | 1.49,420.1 | 0.03 |
| Positive response to 2 questions | 3835.67 | 181.36,81121.23 | <0.01 | 149.65 | 11.68,1917.93 | 0.01 |
| Positive response to 3 questions | 3558.16 | 177.01,71517.68 | <0.01 | 205.35 | 16.76,2515.94 | <0.01 |
| Positive response to 4 questions | 13377.11 | 643.55,278062.17 | <0.01 | 578.54 | 44.37,7543.19 | <0.01 |
| Age | ||||||
| 20–24 | 0.42 | 0.11,1.6 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.12,1.4 | 0.15 |
| 25–29 | 0.30 | 0.07,1.29 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.08,1.19 | 0.09 |
| 30–34 | 0.56 | 0.12,2.77 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.1,1.91 | 0.27 |
| 35–39 | 0.32 | 0.05,1.97 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.07,2.1 | 0.27 |
| 40–44 | 0.13 | 0.02,0.86 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.03,0.93 | 0.04 |
| 45–49 | 0.05 | 0.01,0.38 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01,0.35 | <0.01 |
| Education | ||||||
| Primary | 0.77 | 0.27,2.22 | 0.63 | 1.13 | 0.44,2.87 | 0.80 |
| Secondary | 0.93 | 0.28,3.11 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 0.35,2.63 | 0.94 |
| More than secondary | 0.22 | 0.05,1.01 | 0.05 | 0.46 | 0.11,1.84 | 0.27 |
| STI burden | ||||||
| People with STI burden(ET) | 4366.43 | 16.11,1183397.39 | <0.01 | 649.11 | 5.04,83600.1 | 0.01 |
| People with STI burden(KE) | 1.37 | 0.11,17.48 | 0.81 | 1.14 | 0.1,12.77 | 0.92 |
| People with STI burden(RW) | 25.90 | 1.88,356.84 | 0.02 | 11.40 | 1.02,126.99 | 0.05 |
| Marital status(country) | ||||||
| Married(ET) | 1.49 | 0.2,10.78 | 0.69 | 1.51 | 0.27,8.44 | 0.64 |
| Married(KE) | 0.71 | 0.17,2.89 | 0.63 | 1.86 | 0.49,7.04 | 0.36 |
| Married(RW) | 0.23 | 0.05,1.17 | 0.08 | 0.56 | 0.14,2.22 | 0.41 |
| Divorces(ET) | 6.50 | 0.2,209.68 | 0.29 | 8.90 | 0.51,155.04 | 0.13 |
| Divorces(KE) | 13.72 | 1.36,138.28 | 0.03 | 29.98 | 5.79,155.29 | <0.01 |
| Divorces(RW) | 2.89 | 0.17,48.52 | 0.46 | 1.09 | 0.18,6.52 | 0.93 |
| Residence(country) | ||||||
| Rural(ET) | 0.39 | 0.24,0.64 | <0.01 | 0.44 | 0.29,0.67 | 0.01 |
| Rural(KE) | 1.04 | 0.71,1.54 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.57,1.17 | 0.27 |
| Rural(RW) | 0.43 | 0.3,0.62 | <0.01 | 0.44 | 0.34,0.56 | <0.01 |
Note: CI, Confidence interval; STI, sexually transmitted diseases; ET, Ethiopia; KE, Kenya; RW, Rwanda.
a
Reference group for each variables: country: Ethiopia, gender: female, HIV knowledge: answer less than 20%, positive stigma: no positive attitudes towards the related questions, age: 15–19, education: no education, STI: no STI in each CEA, marital status: singles in each CEA, residence: urban in each CEA, number of partners: zero partners.