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. 2018 Oct 23;9:2446. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02446

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Copyright © 2018 Denstaedt, Singer and Standiford.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Conceptual model of the compartmentalization and heterogeneity of sepsis. This conceptual model is derived from studies in experimental sepsis that have demonstrated tissue-specific inflammatory responses. In this model, acute sepsis in one compartment (abdomen) leads to specific and dynamic changes in proximal (blood) and distal (lungs) compartments. Assessment of the immune response by ex vivo stimulation assays (second hit) may then reveal the predominant cellular program. In this case, each compartment responds differently to secondary stimulation based on the severity and composition of the preceding inflammatory insult.