Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Diagnosis and number of participants | Age, years mean (SD) | Gender male/female | IQ mean (SD) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCZ (n) | ASD (n) | SCZ | ASD | SCZ | ASD | SCZ | ASD | |
| Bolte et al. * (26) | Schizophrenia (21) |
Autism (35) |
Simplex: 17.6 (3.1) Multiplex: 20.0 (2.8) |
Simplex: 15.7 (8.6) Multiplex: 12.1 (3.2) |
Simp: 12/5 Multi: 3/1 |
Simp: 12/3 Multi: 17/3 |
Non-verbal; Simplex: 100.2 (12.9) Multiplex: 107.5 (4.9) |
Non-verbal; Simplex: 103.7 (23.7) Multiplex: 95.4 (25.0) |
| Couture et al. 2010 (29) | Schizophrenia (44) |
Autism (36) |
27.5 (6.3) |
20.9 (5.7) |
39/5 | 29/7 | 98.9 (15.8) |
101.3 (17.8) |
| Craig et al. (30) | Deluded schizophrenia and delusional disorder (16) |
Asperger's syndrome (17) |
31.69 (9.85) |
24.12 (6.72) |
11/5 | 15/2 | 105.14 (8.42) |
104.76 (7.11) |
| Eack et al. (3) | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder (47) |
Autism spectrum disorders (43) |
34.96 (12.4) |
24.86 (5.75) |
34/13 | 38/5 |
99.04 (10.50) |
113.05 (15.28) |
| Kandalaft et al. (27) | Schizophrenia (18) |
Asperger's syndrome (20) |
31.05 (5.42) |
22.85 (4.9) |
12/7 | 16/4 |
102.94 (12.8) |
113.22 (11.09) |
| Krawczyk et al. (31) | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder (13) |
Autism spectrum disorders without language delay (15) |
30.0 (5.72) |
21.73 (4.39) |
7/6 | 11/4 | 101.67 (12.84) |
107.5 (14.07) |
| Lugnegård et al. (32) | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder; Schizophreniform disorder (36) |
Asperger's syndrome (53) |
28.8 (4.1) |
27.3 (4.1) |
22/14 | 26/27 | Verbal; 9.9 (2.1) |
Verbal; 10.4 (2.3) |
| Martinez et al. (19) | Schizophrenia (36) |
Autism spectrum disorders (19) |
23.4 (3.5) |
22.7 (4.1) |
30/6 | 15/4 | 101.2 (13.5) |
108.6 (16.9) |
| Morrison et al. (37) | Schizophrenia (54) |
Autism spectrum disorders (54) |
28.67 (10.11) |
25.67 (7.17) |
47/7 | 47/7 | 103.32 (10.98) |
106.02 (12.83) |
| Murphy (9) | Schizophrenia with delusions and/or auditory hallucinations detained under Mental Health Act (13) |
Asperger's syndrome detained under Mental Health Act (13) |
29.7 (6.2) |
35 (7.5) | All male |
82.2 (9.6) |
102 (15.5) |
|
| Radeloff et al. (33) | Schizophrenia (21) |
Asperger's syndrome; Childhood autism; Atypical autism (34) |
24.67 (5.20) |
19.06 (5.12) |
16/5 | 31/3 | 103.33 (11.21) |
105.73 (12.92) |
| Sachse et al. (28) | Paranoid schizophrenia (19) |
High-functioning autism spectrum disorders (22) |
25.5 (4.9) | 20.9 (5.6) |
14/5 | 18/4 | 100.1 (12.0) |
100.1 (13.3) |
| Sasson et al. (23) | Schizophrenia with minimal symptoms (10) |
Autism (10) |
28.1 (5.07) |
23.0 (5.27) |
9/1 | All male | 98.5 (12.99) |
107.8 (17.15) |
| Sasson et al. (24) | Schizophrenia (44) |
Autism spectrum disorders (21) |
35.34 (10.56) |
23.43 (4.36) |
27/17 | 18/3 | 94.11 (20.28) |
101.48 (16.97) |
| Solomon et al. (34) | First-episode psychosis including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder and psychosis NOS (16) | Autism; Asperger's syndrome (20) |
17.06 (1.81) | 15.15 (2.28) | 12/4 | 16/4 | 98.69 (15.45) | 106.1 (15.39) |
| Tin et al. (35) | Clinically stable schizophrenia (30) | High-functioning autism (30) | 17.47 (1.22) | 17.03 (0.93) | 19/11 | 23/7 | 113.03 (9.61) | 109.93 (12.53) |
| Tobe et al. (22) | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder (92) | High-functioning autism spectrum disorders (19) | 36.0 (11.8) | 39.4 (12.5) | 79/13 | 17/2 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Vírseda Antoranz et al. (36) | Schizophrenia (18) | Asperger's syndrome (6) | 29.55 (5.3) | 25.5 (4.96) | 10/8 | All male | 100.88 (15.49) | 95.16 (22.17) |
| Waris et al. (25) | Schizophrenia (10) | Pervasive developmental disorders (15) | 16.2 (1.6) | 16.1 (1.6) | 2/8 | 7/8 | 92 (18.8) | 96.9 (12.6) |
Bold values indicate significant differences as reported in the original articles.
*
Data on age and intelligence quotient (IQ) presented separately for families with one (simplex) or more than one (multiplex) child affected by the disorder; no statistics were reported for differences in age or IQ between simplex and multiplex samples or groups. ASD, autism spectrum disorders; NOS, not otherwise specified; SCZ, schizophrenia; SD, standard deviation.