Table 1.
Natural products in reducing chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
| Name | Effect/Mechanism | Experimental setting/Model | Ingredients/Source | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P. major | Anti-inflammation | Patients | A variety of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, caffeic acid derivatives, and iridoid glycosides | Cabrera-Jaime et al., 2018 |
| Hangeshashinto | Anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation | Patients | Made from Pinelliae tuber, Scutellariae radix, Glycyrrhizae radix, Zizyphi fructus, Ginseng radix, Zingiberis Processum rhizoma, and Coptidis rhizome Main chemical constituents: baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, acteoside, berberine chloride, coptisine, [6]-shogaol, [6]-gingerol, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, corymboside, and homogentisic acid | Matsumoto et al., 2015; Kamide et al., 2017; Nishikawa et al., 2018 |
| Chamomile | Anti-oxidation, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammation | Patients | Terpenoids, favonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and glycoside derivatives | Seyyedi et al., 2014; Gomes et al., 2018 |
| A. vera | Improvement of the nutritional status | Patients | Oleic acid, tannin, saponin, flavonoids, and terpenoids | Mansouri et al., 2016 |
| Curcumin | Anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer | Patients | Bioactive constituent of Curcuma longa L. | Patil et al., 2015 |
| Ginger | Regulation of Na+ channels | Patients | 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol | Hitomi et al., 2017 |
| γ-Tocotrienols | Prevention of ROS generation by stabilizing Nrf2 activation | Patients | Analogues of the vitamin E | Takano et al., 2015 |
| Quercetin | Anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation | Patients | Rich in daily vegetables and herbs | Kooshyar et al., 2017 |
| Honey | Reduction of oral mucositis associated Candida and aerobic pathogenic bacterial infection | Patients | Glucose, fructose, acids, proteins, minerals, and polyphenols | Xu et al., 2016; Al Jaouni et al., 2017; Friend et al., 2018 |
| Black mulberry molasses | Antimicrobial | Patients | Phenolics and fatty acids | Demir Dogan et al., 2017 |
| Propolis | Not be recommended for severe oral mucositis | Patients | A natural product collected by honeybee worker | Tomazevic and Jazbec, 2013; Javadzadeh Bolouri et al., 2015; Eslami et al., 2016 |