Table 7.
Natural products in reducing chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced neurotoxicity.
| Name | Effect/Mechanism | Experimental setting/Model | Ingredients/Source | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ai-Di injection | Improvement of overall response rate and quality of life, reduction of the incidence of peripheral neurotoxicity (III-IV) | Patients | made from the extracts of Mylabris phalerata, Radix astragalus, Radix ginseng, and Acanthopanax senticosus | Ge et al., 2016 |
| Shen-Qi-Fu-Zheng injection | Improvement of overall response rate and quality of life, reduction of the incidence of peripheral neurotoxicity (III-IV) | Patients | Made from the extracts of Radix Astragali and Radix Codonopsis | Ge et al., 2016 |
| Matrine injection | Improvement of overall response rate and quality of life, reduction of the incidence of peripheral neurotoxicity (III-IV) | Patients | Major component of the traditional Chinese herb Sophora flavescens | Ge et al., 2016 |
| TJ107 and TJ68 | TJ107 has antinociceptive effects caused by increased nitric oxide production and induction of dynorphin release in the spinal cord; the antinociceptive effects of TJ68 have been attributed to the activation of spinal-descending noradrenergic neurons | Patients | TJ107 consists of Rehmanniae radix, Achyranthis radix, Corni fructus, Moutan cortex, Alismatics rhizome, Dioscoreae rhizome, Plantaginis semen, Hoelen, processed Aconiti tuber, and Cinnamomi cortex, which includes magnesium stearate, lactose, and fructose fatty acid esters as diluents TJ68 is composed of Paeoniae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix Main chemical constituents: albiflorin, paeoniflorin, glycycoumarin, isoliquiritigenin, glycyrrhetic acid, and glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-monoglucuronide | Hosokawa et al., 2012 |
| Radix Astragali | Relieve of pain and promote of the rescue mechanisms | Oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy of rats | Astragalosides | Mannelli et al., 2017 |
| Wen-Luo-Tong | Unknown | Oxaliplatin-treated rats and Schwann cells | Made from Epimedium herb, Geranium wilfordii, Cassia twig and Carthamus tinctorius Main chemical constituents: hydroxysafflor yellow A, icariin, epimedin B and 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid | Lin et al., 2017 |
| Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang | Anti-oxidation and mitochondrial function regulation | Cisplatin treated mice and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells | Made from Ginseng, Atractylodes, Poria cocos, Glycyrrhizae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, and Pinellia ternata Main chemical constituents: succinic acid, hesperidin, ginsenoside Rb1, glycyrrhizic acid I, 2-atractylenolide and pachymic acid | Chiou et al., 2018 |
| T. tubaeformis | Anti-nociception | Vincristine-treated mice | Tagitinin A-C and F, diversifol and tithonine chromene, and flavone derivatives | Nawaz et al., 2018 |
| H. perforatum | Glioma growth inhibition | Patients | Hypericin, pseudohypericin, flavonoids, oligomeric procyanidins, and hyperforin | Couldwell et al., 2011 |
| β-caryophyllene | CB2-activation and inhibition of p38 MAPK/NF-κB activation | Paclitaxel-treated mice | Found in various plants | Segat et al., 2017 |
| Lithospermi radix | Anti-inflammation | PC12 cells and animals induced by oxaliplatin | Furylhydroquinone derivatives and shikonin | Cho et al., 2016 |
| Curcumin | Reduction of lipid peroxidation, maintenance of the balance of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and anti-oxidation | Rats | Bioactive constituent of Curcuma longa L. | Rezaee et al., 2017 |
| Demethoxycurcumin | Suppression of apoptosis by regulating pro and anti-apoptotic indices and attenuating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction | Rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells | Curcumin analog | Ramkumar et al., 2017 |
| 5, 7-Dihydroxyflavone (Chrysin) | Anti-lipid peroxidative, anti-amyloidogenic, and anti-apoptotic effects | Irradiation induced-neurotoxicity in the brain of rats | A flavonoid content extracted from propolis, honey, and plants | Mansour et al., 2017 |
| Shikonin | Suppression of the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and killing of glioblastoma cells | U87MG cells | Main chemicals isolated from Lithospermi radix | Zhao et al., 2015 |
| Cyanidin | Inhibition of ROS-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis | PC12 cells | A flavonoid derived from cherry | Li et al., 2015 |
| Dietary supplement OPERA®; | Anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-thrombotic effect | Patients | α-lipoic acid, boswellia serrata, methylsulfonylmethane, and bromelain | Desideri et al., 2017 |
| Grape seed proanthocyanidins | Anti-oxidation | Mice, rats, and cells | Rich in polyphenols of which about 60% to 70% is found in grape seeds as dimers, trimers, and other oligomers of flavan-3-ols, known commonly as proanthocyanidins | Olaku et al., 2015 |
| Green tea | Regulation of intra-tumoural lymph-angiogenesis and expression of COX-2 | Patients | Catechins | Najaf Najafi et al., 2018 |
| Goshajinkigan (TJ107) | No effects of Goshajinkigan on oxaliplatin-associated peripheral neuropathy in patients with colorectal cancer | Patients | Rehmanniae radix, Achyranthis radix, Corni fructus, Moutan cortex, Alismatics rhizome, Dioscoreae rhizome, Plantaginis semen, Hoelen, processed Aconiti tuber, and Cinnamomi cortex | Oki et al., 2015; Hoshino et al., 2018; Kuriyama and Endo, 2018 |