Dyadic (A) proximity and (B) grooming associations per population. The association values (black dots) are the twice-weight indices [x/(x + 2yAB + yA + yB)] for all dyads (populations 1–4: n = 300, 1,081, 91, and 78, respectively). Medians are represented by the bold, horizontal lines within the boxes. The boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR); the vertical lines attached to the boxes represent Q1 − 1.5 IQR (lower) and Q3 + 1.5 IQR (upper).