Fig. 4.

Visual representation of population differences in sociality across the four populations at the Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage. The icons refer to the following characteristics of each group: party size, proximity, grooming, clustering, modularity, and social differentiation. Proximity and grooming represent the aggregation of all dyadic twice-weight association indices. Clustering, modularity, and social differentiation represent population structure in terms of social cohesiveness, based on proximity. The height of the grids indicates the range of a given characteristic across the four populations. The position of each icon on the grid’s vertical axis indicates the relative position of the group in relation to the total range of the characteristic across all populations.