Annual funding ($/km2) for 282 African PAs with lions (black circles) compared with minimum required need as estimated by the African Parks Network method ($978/km2), our study method ($1,271/km2), and the Packer et al. (5) method ($2,030/km2). Of the 282 PAs, 249 (88%), 252 (89%), and 266 (94%) failed to meet the minimum benchmarks of the African Parks Network, our study, and Packer et al. methods, respectively.