. 2018 Oct 22;115(45):E10788–E10796. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1805048115

Table 1.

Management funding and estimated minimum need for effective lion conservation in PAs with lions, aggregated by country

Rank	Country (ISO code)	Region	Total funding		State funding		Donor funding		Minimum required funding,^* $mil			PAs with lions, n	Lion PA total area, km²
Rank	Country (ISO code)	Region	Median, $/km²	Total, $mil	Median, $/km²	Total, $mil	Median, $/km²	Total, $mil	African Parks Network	Our study	Packer et al. (5)	PAs with lions, n	Lion PA total area, km²
1	South Africa (ZAF)	Southern	3,014^†	57.59^†	3,014	57.59	No data	No data	28.09	36.51	58.31	9	28,725
2	Rwanda (RWA)	East	2,206	2.25	245	0.25	1,960	2.00	1.00	1.30	2.07	1	1,020
3	Kenya (KEN)	East	1,688	59.61	1,435	51.95	82	7.66	35.39	46.00	73.47	20	36,190
4	Chad (TCD)	West-Central	753^†	2.29^†	No data	No data	753	2.29	2.98	3.87	6.18	1	3,043
5	Malawi (MWI)	Southern	690	2.79	6	0.04	681	2.75	4.44	5.77	9.22	4	4,540
6	Benin (BEN)	West-Central	557	6.27	54	0.80	498	5.46	12.54	16.30	26.03	6	12,822
7	Uganda (UGA)	East	418	5.50	332	2.96	85	2.54	9.66	12.56	20.05	9	9,879
8	Burkina Faso (BFA)	West-Central	370	3.37	207	1.62	164	1.75	10.46	13.60	21.72	13	10,700
9	Zimbabwe (ZWE)	Southern	241	16.06	235	10.32	1 or 272^‡	5.75	42.94	55.80	89.12	22	43,903
10	Botswana (BWA)	Southern	200	42.46	189	39.26	11	3.20	203.16	264.03	421.69	49	207,731
11	Tanzania (TAZ)	East	176	85.74	41	62.24	54	23.50	173.27	225.18	359.64	37	177,164
12	Namibia (NAM)	Southern	166	17.07	0	13.29	35	3.78	63.34	82.31	131.47	10	64,763
13	Mozambique (MOZ)	Southern	135	24.09	4	1.87	121	22.22	114.56	148.88	237.79	21	117,138
14	Central African Republic (CAF)	West-Central	128	3.66	29	0.27	84	3.39	8.80	11.44	18.27	4	8,999
15	Democratic Republic of the Congo (COD)	West-Central	116	11.19	0	0.00^§	116	11.19	47.70	61.99	99.01	5	48,771
16	Zambia (ZMB)	Southern	116	23.88	70	10.88	46	13.00	151.94	197.46	315.38	35	155,361
17	Nigeria (NGA)	West-Central	103	0.58	58	0.37	45	0.21	6.47	8.41	13.42	2	6,613
18	Ethiopia (ETH)	East	63	6.80	45	2.21	35	4.59	47.78	62.09	99.17	17	48,852
19	Senegal (SEN)	West-Central	47	0.39	31	0.26	16	0.13	8.05	10.47	16.72	1	8,234
20	South Sudan (SSD)	East	45	2.94	9	0.60	4	2.34	73.35	95.32	152.24	9	74,996
21	Niger (NER)	West-Central	43	0.11	26	0.06	17	0.04	2.93	3.81	6.09	2	3,000
22	Angola (AGO)	Southern	34	2.66	∼0^¶	∼0.00^¶	34	2.66	76.76	99.75	159.32	1	78,484
23	Cameroon (CMR)	West-Central	21	3.42	12	0.38	9	3.04	47.57	61.82	98.74	4	48,642
	All countries		200	380.72	104	257.21	55	123.50	1173.18	1524.65	2435.13	282	1,199,570

Countries are ranked from highest to lowest average (median) total available funding among PAs. Minimum required funding was estimated using three different methods of calculating the minimum funding requirement for effective lion conservation. ISO, International Organization for Standardization; $mil, million dollars.

Minimum funding requirement based on each method: African Parks Network, $978/km²; our study, $1,271/km²; and Packer et al. (5), $2,030/km².

^{^†}

Represents an underestimation, as South Africa estimates did not include donor data and Chad did not include state data.

^{^‡}

Median does not accurately represent the right-skewed distribution of donor funding in Zimbabwe, where 50% of 22 PAs received <$1/km² and 50% received a median of $272/km².

^{^§}

State contributions for the Democratic Republic of the Congo totaled ∼$3,000.

^{^¶}

Data were not available, but experts indicated that state budgets were close to $0/km².