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. 2018 Nov 13;8:16770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35169-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of IL-17A expression in adenoid tissue harboring different colonizers. There was no significant difference in IL-17A mRNA levels in adenoid tissue between children positive and negative for Staphylococcus aureus (n = 14 and 12, respectively) (a) Haemophilus influenzae (n = 11 and 15, respectively) (b) or (c) Moraxella cattarrhalis (n = 6 and 20, respectively) colonization (determined from the results of conventional culture). P-values were analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U test.