Fig. 7.

Disease-specific and shared HF pathways. Specific events can lead NF hearts towards DCM or ICM, and both diseases have common HF responses. Dysregulated cell-cell and decreased cell-matrix adhesion contributes to DCM. An activated innate immune response, activation of proinflammatory cytokines, and increases in immune cell quantity, movement, and migration are characteristic of ICM. Both DCM and ICM have responses common to HF, including reduced translation, increased fetal gene expression and antigen presentation, and dysregulated mitochondria and protein degradation