Table 2.
Cadmium biosensors. Receptor molecules are listed in column one. Cadmium detection limits of each sensor with the linear range in parenthesis (if known) are listed in column two
| Ion-selective receptor molecule | Detection limit (linear range) | Sensor mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNTs | 2.2 pM | Colorimetric and electrochemical microfluidic paper-based analytical devices using screen-printing multi-walled CNTs | Rattanarat et al. 2014 |
| Porous magnesium oxide nano-flowers | 81 pM (40–140 nM) | Porous magnesium oxide nano-flowers sensitive electrode monitoring using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry | Wei et al. 2012 |
| Yeast | 0.2 nM | Amperometry | Jarque et al. 2016 |
| CNTs | 0.27 nM (0.44–178 nM) | Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using glassy carbon electrode modified with Nafion, poly(2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) and multi-walled CNTs | He et al. 2011 |
| Polyaniline nanofibers | 0.7 nM (5–80 nM) | Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry using glassy carbon electrode modified with self-doped polyaniline nanofibers/mesoporous carbon nitride and bismuth | Zhang et al. 2016a, b, c |
| C18 silica monolith column | 0.8 nM (0.44–44 μM) | Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography | Thirumalai et al. 2018 |
| Au NPs | 3.5 nM (10–30 μM) | Colorimetric assay using trithiocyanuric acid-functionalized Au NPs and ascorbic acid | Wang et al. 2018 |
| Screen-printed thick-film electrodes | 4.4 nM (0–1.3 μM) | Standard electrochemical couple of potassium ferrocyanide-ferricyanide and solid thick-film electrodes | Prášek et al. 2006 |
| Glutathione | 5 nM | Voltammetry using glutathione as a selective ligand immobilised on a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer of 3-mercaptopropionic acid | Chow et al. 2005 |
| Transgenic zebrafish | 8.9 nM | Metal-responsive promoter linked to a fluorescent reporter gene (DsRed2) | Pawar et al. 2016 |
| Whole-cell bacterial fluorescence | 10 nM | Staphylococcus aureus strain RN4220 and Bacillus subtilis strain BR151 using the regulatory sequence from the cadA gene of plasmid pI258 | Tauriainen et al. 1998 |
| Bismuth nanoparticles | 20 nM | Nano composite of reduced graphene oxide–bismuth nanoparticles | Sahoo et al. 2013 |
| Anabaena torulosa | 27 nM (0.5–10 μM) | Optical transduction using whole-cell entrapment on cellulose membrane | Wong et al. 2013 |
| CNTs | 0.4 μM (0.4–71 μM) | CNTs nanoelectrode array/epoxy voltammetry | Liu et al. 2005 |
CNTs carbon nanotubes, Au NPs gold nanoparticles