Table 2.
Contents of 4 PAHs in various teas consumed in several countries
| Type | Teas | No. | BaA (ng g−1) | CHR (ng g−1) | BbF (ng g−1) | BaP (ng g−1) | Total (ng g−1) | Country (references) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | ||||
| Leached tea | Green | 49 | 0.40 | ND–4.74 | 2.52 | ND–8.58 | 3.80 | ND–9.88 | 4.12 | ND–9.98 | 10.83 | 2.25–23.00 | Korea (this study) |
| Solomon’s seal | 20 | 1.83 | ND–5.33 | 3.90 | ND–8.27 | 6.22 | 1.37–14.90 | 5.39 | 1.17–9.16 | 17.34 | 5.32–28.60 | ||
| Cassia seed | 13 | 0.18 | ND–1.24 | 0.94 | ND–4.28 | 1.43 | ND–5.31 | 1.99 | ND–4.98 | 4.54 | ND–14.14 | ||
| Black | 21 | 1.65 | ND–6.75 | 3.04 | 0.94–7.78 | 2.89 | ND–7.66 | 1.53 | ND–4.49 | 9.11 | 3.31–20.08 | ||
| Chrysanthemum | 13 | 0.42 | ND–1.90 | 2.19 | ND–4.75 | 4.96 | 1.36–9.56 | 5.02 | 1.90–9.68 | 12.59 | 3.37–22.03 | ||
| Mate | 10 | 6.51 | 1.71–8.91 | 9.35 | 2.66–15.22 | 8.19 | 4.17–12.39 | 9.40 | 3.76–12.45 | 33.45 | 12.30–44.25 | ||
| Corn | 9 | 0.69 | ND–5.23 | 1.24 | ND–3.57 | 3.67 | ND–8.68 | 3.04 | 1.17–8.43 | 8.65 | 1.52–18.96 | ||
| Buckwheat | 9 | 0.39 | ND–1.82 | 1.83 | ND–3.67 | 3.52 | ND–8.28 | 3.31 | ND–8.14 | 9.05 | ND–20.99 | ||
| Burdock | 8 | 0.29 | ND–1.18 | 1.31 | ND–2.83 | 3.93 | ND–8.19 | 2.44 | ND–3.76 | 7.97 | 2.83–12.60 | ||
| Matrimony vine | 7 | ND | ND | 0.72 | ND–1.81 | ND | ND | 0.36 | ND–1.27 | 1.07 | ND–2.89 | ||
| Dandelion | 5 | 0.60 | ND–1.77 | 4.45 | 2.56–6.96 | 3.54 | 1.25–9.22 | 3.88 | ND–9.35 | 12.46 | 7.26–22.06 | ||
| Brown rice | 5 | 0.64 | ND–1.73 | 2.19 | ND–4.23 | 1.54 | ND–3.55 | 3.12 | 1.87–4.51 | 7.49 | 3.93–9.65 | ||
| Mulberry leaves | 5 | ND | ND | 1.20 | ND–2.19 | 2.68 | 1.97–3.77 | 0.23 | ND–1.17 | 4.12 | 1.97–7.14 | ||
| Liquid tea | Green | 13 | 0.07 | 0.06–0.13 | ND | ND | 0.01 | ND–0.06 | 0.01 | ND–0.10 | 0.08 | 0.06–0.30 | |
| Barley | 37 | 0.07 | 0.06–0.13 | ND | ND | 0.03 | ND–0.07 | 0.01 | ND–0.11 | 0.11 | 0.06–0.30 | ||
| Black | 26 | 0.08 | 0.06–0.14 | ND | ND | 0.01 | ND–0.06 | 0.01 | ND–0.11 | 0.10 | 0.06–0.31 | ||
| Preserved fruit | 40 | ND | ND | 0.03 | ND–0.74 | 0.04 | ND–0.29 | 0.05 | ND–0.34 | 0.12 | ND–0.74 | ||
| Ginger | 11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.03 | ND–0.29 | 0.03 | ND–0.29 | ||
| Korean raisin | 10 | 0.11 | 0.07–0.13 | ND | ND | 0.05 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.05 | ND–0.11 | 0.22 | 0.13–0.31 | ||
| Corn | 7 | 0.11 | 0.08–0.13 | ND | ND | 0.06 | 0.04–0.07 | 0.08 | ND–0.10 | 0.24 | 0.19–0.30 | ||
| Jujube | 6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.04 | ND–0.26 | ND | ND | 0.04 | ND–0.26 | ||
| Burdock | 5 | 0.07 | 0.06–0.07 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 | ND–0.04 | 0.08 | 0.06–0.11 | ||
| Solid tea | Adlay | 22 | 0.19 | ND–0.64 | 0.16 | ND–0.86 | 0.16 | ND–1.59 | ND | ND | 0.51 | ND–2.47 | |
| Black | 22 | 0.10 | ND–0.59 | 0.06 | ND–0.73 | 0.03 | ND–0.72 | ND | ND | 0.19 | ND–1.32 | ||
| Ginger | 22 | 0.23 | ND–0.62 | 0.21 | ND–0.71 | 0.03 | ND–0.72 | ND | ND | 0.48 | ND–1.32 | ||
| Herbal | 60 | 0.24 | ND–0.95 | 0.24 | ND–1.50 | 0.13 | ND–1.89 | ND | ND | 0.65 | ND–5.48 | ||
| Green | 13 | 0.25 | ND–1.78 | 3.44 | 1.01–5.11 | 3.26 | ND–5.94 | 1.47 | ND–3.04 | 8.42 | 4.57–12.70 | ||
| Leached tea | Earl | 5 | 5.40 | 1–11 | 135.80 | 95–240 | 3.80 | 1–8 | 7.60 | 2–14 | 152.60 | 104–273 | USA (Adisa et al. 2015) |
| Fine | 3 | 5.00 | 5–5 | 127.67 | 50–214 | 3.33 | 1–5 | 6.33 | 3–10 | 140.67 | 54–234 | ||
| Black | 6 | 5.80 | 2–18 | 136.83 | 57–365 | 4.20 | 1–14 | 7.33 | 2–29 | 152.50 | 63–426 | ||
| Chinnamom, Cardamom and Nutmeg | 5 | 1.25 | 1–2 | 40.20 | 27–55 | 1.33 | 1–2 | 2.20 | 2–3 | 44.20 | 30–59 | ||
| Green | 9 | 3.00 | 1–6 | 94.11 | 17–240 | 2.83 | 1–5 | 6.50 | 2–12 | 103.78 | 17.263 | ||
| ‘Leached tea | Green | 11 | 12.31 | 1.8–40.4 | 25.84 | 6.7–61.5 | 11.45 | 2.2–33.4 | 9.12 | 1.6–32.6 | 58.72 | 12.3–167.9 | Germany (Ziegenhals et al. 2008) |
| Mate | 8 | 147.05 | 38.4–374.6 | 276.20 | 81.9–746.3 | 105.21 | 34.1–258.1 | 106.55 | 24.8–236.5 | 635.01 | 1846–1615.5 | ||
| Black | 11 | 5.36 | 1.3–13.1 | 10.08 | 3.4–18.1 | 4.27 | 1.5–8.1 | 4.94 | 0.8–14.1 | .24.65 | 9.0–44.6 | ||
| Herbal/fruit | 7 | 2.44 | 1.2–3.5 | 7.57 | 4–11.6 | 2.43 | 1.3–4.5 | 1.67 | 0.8–3.1 | 14.11 | 7.8–21.5 | ||
| White | 3 | 38.23 | 14.1–80.1 | 49.50 | 19–95.1 | 25.93 | 14.5–44.6 | 15.17 | 11.4–19 | 128.83 | 59.0–238.8 | ||
| Leached tea | Black | 26 | 30.60 | 1.1–360 | 24.08 | 2–220 | 23.80 | 1.2–240 | 25.62 | 0.6–330 | 105.95 | 4.9–1200 | Several countries (Schulz et al. 2015) |
| Green | 15 | 22.33 | 0–130 | 22.96 | 0–120 | 19.49 | 0–85 | 16.78 | 0–97 | 81.73 | 0–430 | ||
| Oolong | 6 | 18.20 | 5.7–30 | 16.70 | 6.6–28 | 13.83 | 4.4–23 | 10.47 | 2.7–19 | 59.17 | 21–99 | ||
| Pu erh | 3 | 57.67 | 43–72 | 55.33 | 46–73 | 31.33 | 26–36 | 30.33 | 25–37 | 176.67 | 140–220 | ||
| White | 3 | 16.03 | 5.1–23 | 14.50 | 8.5–20 | 11.67 | 7–16 | 5.20 | 2.4–6.8 | 47.33 | 23–65 | ||
| Lapsang souchong | 3 | 466.67 | 240–620 | 546.67 | 270–700 | 111.33 | 64–150 | 346.67 | 280–460 | 1433.33 | 1000–1700 | ||
| Leached tea | Green | 2 | 8.60 | 6.99–10.2 | 19.65 | 18.2–21.1 | 28.25 | 25.5–31.3 | China (Lin et al. 2005) | ||||
| Oolong | 1 | 4.43 | 5.96 | 5.10 | 15.49 | ||||||||
| Black | 1 | 175.00 | 241.00 | 37.60 | 39.70 | 493.3 | |||||||
| Puerh | 1 | 13.40 | 23.00 | 8.03 | 7.84 | 52.27 | |||||||
| Brick | 1 | 31.90 | 40.30 | 12.90 | 14.60 | 99.7 | |||||||
| Jasmine | 1 | 67.30 | 45.90 | 54.00 | 28.10 | 195.3 | |||||||
| Kuding | 1 | 7.70 | 17.40 | 25.1 | |||||||||
| Leached tea | Sage | 5 | 12.93 | 0.31–45.19 | 2.54 | 0.17–6.02 | 1.37 | 0.06–3.12 | 0.78 | 0.03–1.38 | 17.62 | Syria (Krajian and Odeh 2013) | |
| Mellissa | 5 | 0.45 | 0.08–0.71 | 3.22 | 0.64–8.18 | 0.81 | 0.57–1.08 | 0.29 | 0.19–0.38 | 4.77 | |||
| Marjoram | 5 | 1.38 | 0.1–3.31 | 7.87 | 2.12–10.64 | 1.77 | 0.76–4.15 | 0.97 | 0.41–2.09 | 11.99 | |||
| Rosmary | 4 | 10.43 | 2.88–24.55 | 12.24 | 1.24–39.1 | 1.17 | 0.39–2.03 | 0.68 | 0.14–1.52 | 24.52 | |||
| Wild thyme | 5 | 1.19 | 0.11–2.19 | 1.29 | 0.23–2.46 | 0.47 | 0.29–0.73 | 0.49 | 0.12–1.76 | 3.44 | |||
| Mint | 5 | 1.34 | 0.22–4.24 | 2.94 | 0.24–7.7 | 0.6 | 0.28–0.98 | 0.49 | 0.02–1.59 | 5.37 | |||
| Hollzhock | 4 | 0.94 | 0.32–2 | 2.25 | 1.01–4.45 | 2.1 | 0.29–5.06 | 0.22 | 0.02–0.39 | 5.51 | |||
| Chamomile | 5 | 1.67 | 0.17–4.04 | 1.25 | 0.47–2.25 | 0.9 | 0.11–1.83 | 0.17 | 0.07–0.32 | 3.99 | |||
| Damask rose | 4 | 0.34 | 0.18–0.76 | 1.16 | 0.55–2.14 | 0.65 | 0.16–1.15 | 0.41 | 0.19–0.99 | 2.56 | |||
| Roselle | 5 | 0.27 | 0.1–0.62 | 0.78 | 0.04–1.54 | 0.17 | 0.04–0.28 | 0.08 | 0.03–0.13 | 1.3 | |||
| Leached tea | Yerba mate | 8 | 72.83 | 24.5–99.9 | 121.44 | 42.3–169 | 51.03 | 13.3–76.3 | 37.13 | 8.03–53.3 | 282.42 | 88.1–397.7 | Brazil (Kamangar et al. 2008) |
| Leached tea | Yerba mate | 50 | 28.7 | 67.6 | 21.9 | 26.9 | 145.1 | Argentina (Londoño et al. 2014) | |||||