Table 1. Patient Demographics, Health Care Utilization, Preoperative Comorbidities, and Procedure Characteristics by Proteinuriaa.
| Characteristic | Procedures, No. (%) | Proteinuria, No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Trace | 1+ | 2+ | 3+ | ||
| Overall, No. | 153 767 | 86 571 | 31 676 | 24 603 | 8457 | 2460 |
| Surgical specialty, No. (%) | ||||||
| Orthopedic | 56 998 (37.1) | 35 850 (41.4) | 11 183 (35.3) | 7310 (29.8) | 2129 (25.0) | 526 (22.1) |
| General | 44 205 (28.8) | 21 554 (24.9) | 9756 (30.8) | 8917 (36.4) | 3147 (37.0) | 831 (35.0) |
| Peripheral vascular | 21 282 (13.8) | 10 935 (12.6) | 4206 (13.3) | 3815 (15.6) | 1728 (20.3) | 598 (25.2) |
| Neurosurgery | 12 534 (8.2) | 7822 (9.0) | 2642 (8.3) | 1524 (6.2) | 431 (5.1) | 115 (4.8) |
| Thoracic surgery | 10 089 (6.6) | 5831 (6.7) | 2096 (6.6) | 1505 (6.1) | 522 (6.1) | 135 (5.7) |
| Otolaryngology | 3504 (2.3) | 1895 (2.2) | 762 (2.4) | 572 (2.3) | 212 (2.5) | 63 (2.7) |
| Gynecology, plastic, podiatry, oral surgery | 5121 (3.3) | 2729 (3.2) | 1084 (3.4) | 864 (3.5) | 336 (4.0) | 108 (4.5) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 63.7 (11.3) | 62.9 (10.9) | 63.8 (11.7) | 65.2 (11.6) | 66.0 (10.9) | 64.9 (9.9) |
| Men | 143 288 (93.2) | 80 032 (92.4) | 29 563 (93.2) | 23 217 (94.7) | 8161 (95.9) | 2315 (97.4) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 118 761 (80.6) | 69 066 (83.5) | 23 647 (77.4) | 18 243 (77.4) | 6140 (74.8) | 1665 (72.3) |
| Black | 25 730 (17.5) | 12 035 (14.6) | 6323 (20.7) | 4896 (20.8) | 1897 (23.1) | 579 (25.1) |
| Other | 2850 (1.9) | 1612 (2.0) | 573 (1.9) | 439 (1.9) | 167 (2.0) | 59 (2.6) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.9 (14.6) | 29.1 (18.4) | 28.7 (6.8) | 28.4 (6.9) | 28.7 (7.1) | 29.0 (7.1) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 15 907 (10.4) | 8576 (9.9) | 3381 (10.7) | 2724 (11.1) | 977 (11.5) | 249 (10.5) |
| Married | 71 712 (46.7) | 41 799 (48.3) | 14 360 (45.3) | 10 912 (44.6) | 3654 (43.0) | 987 (41.5) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 66 038 (43.0) | 36 190 (41.8) | 13 977 (44.1) | 10 855 (44.3) | 3876 (45.6) | 1140 (48.0) |
| Functional health status | ||||||
| Independent | 139 469 (90.7) | 81 402 (94.0) | 28 129 (88.7) | 20 854 (85.1) | 7101 (83.5) | 1983 (83.5) |
| Partially dependent | 12 155 (7.9) | 4616 (5.3) | 3022 (9.5) | 3036 (12.4) | 1139 (13.4) | 342 (14.4) |
| Totally dependent | 2103 (1.4) | 595 (0.7) | 579 (1.8) | 613 (2.5) | 267 (3.1) | 49 (2.1) |
| Health care utilization in 6 mo prior, mean (SD) | ||||||
| ED visits | 1.0 (1.9) | 0.8 (1.7) | 1.0 (2.1) | 1.3 (2.2) | 1.4 (2.3) | 1.5 (2.3) |
| Inpatient admissions | 0.9 (2.3) | 0.8 (2.1) | 1.1 (2.5) | 1.3 (2.6) | 1.4 (2.9) | 1.6 (2.8) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6962 (4.5) | 2118 (2.5) | 1300 (4.1) | 1717 (7.0) | 1238 (14.6) | 589 (24.8) |
| ASA classification | ||||||
| 1-2 | 27 280 (17.7) | 18 892 (21.8) | 5028 (15.9) | 2698 (11.0) | 575 (6.8) | 87 (3.7) |
| 3 | 107 623 (70.0) | 59 449 (68.6) | 22 826 (72.0) | 17 507 (71.5) | 6114 (71.9) | 1727 (72.8) |
| 4-5 | 18 824 (12.2) | 8290 (9.6) | 3884 (12.2) | 4306 (17.5) | 1822 (21.4) | 562 (23.6) |
| Bleeding disorders | 9205 (6.0) | 4130 (4.8) | 2195 (6.9) | 1936 (7.9) | 736 (8.7) | 208 (8.8) |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No or controlled by diet alone | 112 066 (72.9) | 67 833 (78.3) | 22 839 (72.0) | 15 986 (65.2) | 4473 (52.6) | 935 (39.4) |
| Oral agent dependent | 22 798 (14.8) | 11 608 (13.4) | 5020 (15.8) | 4172 (17.0) | 1556 (18.3) | 442 (18.6) |
| Insulin dependent | 18 903 (12.3) | 7190 (8.3) | 3879 (12.2) | 4353 (17.8) | 2482 (29.2) | 999 (42.1) |
| Dyspnea | ||||||
| No dyspnea | 132 889 (86.4) | 75 881 (87.6) | 27 295 (86.0) | 20 686 (84.4) | 7089 (83.3) | 1938 (81.6) |
| Minimal exertion | 19 318 (12.6) | 10 076 (11.6) | 4106 (12.9) | 3460 (14.1) | 1272 (15.0) | 404 (17.0) |
| At rest | 1558 (1.0) | 674 (0.8) | 336 (1.1) | 364 (1.5) | 150 (1.8) | 34 (1.4) |
| DNR status | 2406 (1.6) | 997 (1.2) | 517 (1.6) | 599 (2.4) | 233 (2.7) | 60 (2.5) |
| Alcohol use, >2 drinks/d (2 wk prior) | 12 440 (8.1) | 7287 (8.4) | 2435 (7.7) | 1950 (8.0) | 630 (7.4) | 138 (5.8) |
| Hemiplegia | 3862 (2.5) | 1740 (2.0) | 815 (2.6) | 847 (3.5) | 343 (4.0) | 117 (4.9) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1336 (0.9) | 444 (0.5) | 289 (0.9) | 342 (1.4) | 185 (2.2) | 76 (3.2) |
| History of transient ischemic attacks | 5845 (3.8) | 3072 (3.6) | 1228 (3.9) | 1009 (4.1) | 416 (4.9) | 120 (5.1) |
| Current smoker within 1 y | 51 385 (33.4) | 28 555 (33.0) | 10 664 (33.6) | 8424 (34.4) | 2864 (33.7) | 878 (37.0) |
| Corticosteroid use for chronic condition | 3822 (2.5) | 1880 (2.2) | 871 (2.7) | 773 (3.2) | 220 (2.6) | 78 (3.3) |
| Hypertension requiring medication | 108 289 (70.4) | 58 152 (67.1) | 22 900 (72.2) | 18 323 (74.8) | 6856 (80.6) | 2058 (86.6) |
| History of MI (6 mo prior) | 834 (0.5) | 319 (0.4) | 180 (0.6) | 206 (0.8) | 93 (1.1) | 36 (1.5) |
| Revascularization/amputation for PVD | 12 394 (8.1) | 5459 (6.3) | 2634 (8.3) | 2585 (10.6) | 1265 (14.9) | 451 (19.0) |
| Previous PTCA procedure | 14 117 (9.2) | 7365 (8.5) | 2965 (9.3) | 2490 (10.2) | 982 (11.5) | 315 (13.3) |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 14 386 (9.4) | 6896 (8.0) | 3103 (9.8) | 2767 (11.3) | 1240 (14.6) | 380 (16.0) |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DNR, do not resuscitate; ED, emergency department; MI, myocardial infarction; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.
a
All differences were significant at P < .001, determined with a χ2 test for categorical variables and a t test for continuous variables.