Table 1.
Cohort demographics and anthropometric characteristics
| Males (n = 169) | Females (n = 179) | P value | Normal weight (n = 136) | Overweight/obesity (n = 96) | Severe obesity (n = 116) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 12.7 ± 0.2 | 12.7 ± 0.2 | 0.983 | 12.4 ± 0.2 | 12.5 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.3a,b | 0.007 |
| Race [n (%)] | 0.241 | 0.081 | |||||
| White | 134 (79.3) | 139 (77.7) | 117 (86.0) | 75 (78.1) | 84 (72.4) | ||
| Black | 18 (10.6) | 28 (15.6) | 12 (8.8) | 13 (13.5) | 20 (17.2) | ||
| Other | 17 (10.1) | 12 (6.7) | 7 (5.1) | 8 (8.3) | 12 (10.3) | ||
| Tanner stage [n (%)] | 0.059 | 0.002 | |||||
| I | 61 (36.1) | 38 (21.2) | 55 (40.4) | 26 (27.1) | 18 (15.5) | ||
| II | 34 (20.1) | 33 (18.4) | 21 (15.4) | 20 (20.8) | 28 (24.1) | ||
| III | 24 (14.2) | 34 (18.9) | 21 (15.4) | 20 (20.8) | 19 (16.4) | ||
| IV | 29 (17.2) | 38 (21.2) | 26 (19.1) | 16 (16.7) | 27 (23.3) | ||
| V | 21 (12.4) | 27 (15.1) | 13 (9.6) | 14 (14.7) | 24 (20.7) | ||
| Body mass (kg) | 67.4 ± 2.5 | 67.9 ± 2.0 | 0.884 | 44.9 ± 1.4 | 65.3 ± 1.7a | 96.7 ± 2.6a,b | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 158.4 ± 1.2 | 154.7 ± 0.9 | 0.015 | 152.9 ± 1.3 | 156.2 ± 1.4 | 161.2 ± 1.2a,b | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 0.7 | 27.6 ± 0.7 | 0.018 | 18.3 ± 0.2 | 26.3 ± 0.4a | 36.4 ± 0.6a,b | <0.001 |
| BMI percentile (%) | 74.8 ± 2.2 | 80.7 ± 2.1 | 0.051 | 48.2 ± 2.0 | 94.4 ± 0.8a | 99.1 ± 0.05a,b | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 92.2 ± 1.4 | 96.4 ± 1.4 | 0.038 | 79.1 ± 0.8 | 94.1 ± 1.1a | 113.1 ± 1.4a,b | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.4 ± 1.6 | 80.4 ± 1.3 | 0.501 | 63.0 ± 0.6 | 80.1 ± 0.9a | 101.2 ± 1.4a,b | <0.001 |
| Lean muscle mass (kg) | 40.7 ± 1.2 | 37.2 ± 0.8 | 0.017 | 31.7 ± 0.9 | 38.2 ± 1.1a | 48.2 ± 1.3a,b | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 23.6 ± 1.4 | 28.1 ± 1.3 | 0.018 | 10.6 ± 0.3 | 24.8 ± 0.8a | 45.4 ± 1.4a,b | <0.001 |
| Percent fat mass (%) | 33.0 ± 0.9 | 40.2 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 25.2 ± 0.5 | 39.3 ± 0.7a | 48.2 ± 0.5a,b | <0.001 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (g) | 567.7 ± 58.6 | 586.9 ± 45.8 | 0.801 | 76.0 ± 6.1 | 412.5 ± 30.6a | 1103.9 ± 59.2a,b | <0.001 |
| Hypertension status [n (%)] | 0.304 | <0.001 | |||||
| Normal blood pressure | 125 (73.9) | 122 (68.2) | 125 (91.9) | 71 (73.9) | 51 (44.0) | ||
| Elevated blood pressure | 19 (11.2) | 33 (18.4) | 10 (7.3) | 15 (15.6) | 26 (21.6) | ||
| Stage 1 hypertension | 19 (11.2) | 18 (10.1) | 1 (0.7) | 9 (9.4) | 27 (23.3) | ||
| Stage 2 hypertension | 6 (3.5) | 6 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 12 (10.3) | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 67 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 0.001 | 71 ± 1 | 76 ± 1a | 77 ± 1a | <0.001 |
Obesity status is presented as normal weight (e.g., ≥5th to <85th BMI percentile), overweight/obesity (e.g., ≥85th to <95th BMI percentile, ≥100% to <120% of the 95th BMI percentile), and severe obesity (e.g., ≥120% of the 95th BMI percentile). Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SE. Race, Tanner stage, and hypertension status are presented as count (% within column). Analysis of variance and chi-squared test assessed sex differences in continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
aSignificantly different compared with normal weight as determined by Bonferroni post hoc comparisons (P < 0.05).
bSignificantly different compared with overweight/obesity as determined by Bonferroni post hoc comparisons (P < 0.05).