Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of users of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists, before and after propensity score matching. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristic | Before | After | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT2 inhibitors | GLP1 receptor agonists | SGLT2 inhibitors | GLP1 receptor agonists | ||
| No of patients | 21 008 | 27 278 | 17 213 | 17 213 | |
| Men | 13 113 (62) | 15 712 (58) | 10 482 (61) | 10 449 (61) | |
| Mean (SD) age (years) | 62 (10) | 60 (11) | 61 (10) | 61 (10) | |
| SGLT2 inhibitor*: | |||||
| Dapagliflozin | 12 821 (61) | NA | 10 454 (61) | NA | |
| Empagliflozin | 7864 (37) | NA | 6506 (38) | NA | |
| Canagliflozin | 324 (2) | NA | 254 (1) | NA | |
| Country: | |||||
| Sweden | 11 891 (57) | 17 783 (65) | 10 512 (61) | 10 512 (61) | |
| Denmark | 9117 (43) | 9495 (35) | 6701 (39) | 6701 (39) | |
| Place of birth: | |||||
| Scandinavia | 17 242 (82) | 23 614 (87) | 14 607 (85) | 14 556 (85) | |
| Rest of Europe | 1671 (8) | 1677 (6) | 1184 (7) | 1205 (7) | |
| Outside Europe | 2052 (10) | 1950 (7) | 1399 (8) | 1426 (8) | |
| Missing | 43 (<1) | 37 (<1) | 23 (<1) | 26 (<1) | |
| Civil status: | |||||
| Married or living with partner† | 12 172 (58) | 15 130 (55) | 9819 (57) | 9823 (57) | |
| Single | 8778 (42) | 12 088 (44) | 7348 (43) | 7343 (43) | |
| Missing | 58 (<1) | 60 (<1) | 46 (<1) | 47 (<1) | |
| Education: | |||||
| Primary school, secondary school, or vocational training | 16 518 (79) | 21 264 (78) | 13 509 (78) | 13 500 (78) | |
| Short tertiary education | 1447 (7) | 2157 (8) | 1253 (7) | 1278 (7) | |
| Medium or long tertiary education | 2495 (12) | 3326 (12) | 2064 (12) | 2048 (12) | |
| Missing | 548 (3) | 531 (2) | 387 (2) | 387 (2) | |
| Year of cohort entry‡: | |||||
| 2013 | 1005 (5) | 2845 (10) | 833 (5) | 1746 (10) | |
| 2014 | 3648 (17) | 6434 (24) | 3034 (18) | 4009 (23) | |
| 2015 | 6268 (30) | 8544 (31) | 5161 (30) | 5387 (31) | |
| 2016 | 10 087 (48) | 9455 (35) | 8185 (48) | 6071 (35) | |
| Comorbidities: | |||||
| Acute coronary syndrome | 1608 (8) | 2070 (8) | 1300 (8) | 1316 (8) | |
| Other ischaemic heart disease | 3468 (17) | 4478 (16) | 2786 (16) | 2794 (16) | |
| Heart failure or cardiomyopathy | 1195 (6) | 1881 (7) | 1026 (6) | 1058 (6) | |
| Valve disorders | 402 (2) | 563 (2) | 326 (2) | 332 (2) | |
| Stroke | 836 (4) | 1114 (4) | 679 (4) | 655 (4) | |
| Other cerebrovascular disease | 918 (4) | 1274 (5) | 757 (4) | 733 (4) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1462 (7) | 2043 (7) | 1222 (7) | 1207 (7) | |
| Other arrhythmia | 834 (4) | 1109 (4) | 673 (4) | 687 (4) | |
| Coronary revascularisation in the past year | 282 (1) | 334 (1) | 230 (1) | 219 (1) | |
| Other cardiac surgery or invasive procedure in the past year | 107 (1) | 151 (1) | 86 (<1) | 85 (<1) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 662 (3) | 1136 (4) | 586 (3) | 559 (3) | |
| Other lung disease | 1298 (6) | 2257 (8) | 1175 (7) | 1160 (7) | |
| Venous thromboembolism | 495 (2) | 809 (3) | 440 (3) | 445 (3) | |
| Cancer | 1433 (7) | 1884 (7) | 1152 (7) | 1175 (7) | |
| Liver disease | 420 (2) | 609 (2) | 349 (2) | 376 (2) | |
| Rheumatic disease | 598 (3) | 870 (3) | 499 (3) | 498 (3) | |
| Psychiatric disorder | 1914 (9) | 3279 (12) | 1705 (10) | 1729 (10) | |
| Fracture in the past year | 326 (2) | 449 (2) | 267 (2) | 268 (2) | |
| Acute pancreatitis | 198 (1) | 234 (1) | 156 (1) | 142 (1) | |
| Serious urinary tract infection | 405 (2) | 716 (3) | 361 (2) | 341 (2) | |
| Lower limb amputation | 34 (<1) | 34 (<1) | 27 (<1) | 23 (<1) | |
| Arterial disease | 1244 (6) | 1762 (6) | 1035 (6) | 1049 (6) | |
| Renal disease | 755 (4) | 1726 (6) | 708 (4) | 735 (4) | |
| Obesity§ | 2742 (13) | 6197 (23) | 2634 (15) | 2726 (16) | |
| Diabetic eye complications | 2605 (12) | 4403 (16) | 2274 (13) | 2315 (13) | |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 34 (<1) | 68 (<1) | 29 (<1) | 30 (<1) | |
| Diabetes, other complications | 3777 (18) | 6366 (23) | 3252 (19) | 3251 (19) | |
| Hospital stays in the past year for: | |||||
| Cardiovascular causes | 809 (4) | 1160 (4) | 682 (4) | 672 (4) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 163 (1) | 369 (1) | 145 (1) | 134 (1) | |
| Other causes | 2372 (11) | 3596 (13) | 2001 (12) | 2020 (12) | |
| Outpatient visits in the past year for: | |||||
| Cardiovascular causes | 1701 (8) | 2429 (9) | 1433 (8) | 1395 (8) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 3364 (16) | 6235 (23) | 3054 (18) | 3104 (18) | |
| Other causes | 10 858 (52) | 15 310 (56) | 9091 (53) | 9077 (53) | |
| Diabetes drugs used in the past six months: | |||||
| Metformin | 17 203 (82) | 20 790 (76) | 13 793 (80) | 13 830 (80) | |
| Sulphonylureas | 4957 (24) | 5513 (20) | 3937 (23) | 3955 (23) | |
| DPP4 inhibitors | 8315 (40) | 7681 (28) | 5948 (35) | 6007 (35) | |
| Insulin, fast acting | 2796 (13) | 6824 (25) | 2774 (16) | 2836 (16) | |
| Insulin, intermediate and long acting | 5105 (24) | 11 818 (43) | 5063 (29) | 5050 (29) | |
| Other antidiabetics (glitazones, glinides, acarbose) | 825 (4) | 945 (3) | 646 (4) | 653 (4) | |
| No diabetes drug | 1038 (5) | 1522 (6) | 942 (5) | 905 (5) | |
| Time (years) since first diabetes drug: | |||||
| <1 | 1648 (8) | 2405 (9) | 1480 (9) | 1427 (8) | |
| 1-2 | 2463 (12) | 3069 (11) | 2117 (12) | 2074 (12) | |
| 3-4 | 2943 (14) | 3599 (13) | 2473 (14) | 2448 (14) | |
| 5-6 | 3173 (15) | 3765 (14) | 2529 (15) | 2582 (15) | |
| ≥7 | 10 781 (51) | 14 440 (53) | 8614 (50) | 8682 (50) | |
| Other drugs used in the past year: | |||||
| ARB or ACE-I | 14 402 (69) | 19 059 (70) | 11 928 (69) | 11 944 (69) | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 6729 (32) | 9262 (34) | 5619 (33) | 5611 (33) | |
| Loop diuretic | 2463 (12) | 4722 (17) | 2264 (13) | 2308 (13) | |
| Other diuretic | 3558 (17) | 5231 (19) | 3058 (18) | 3043 (18) | |
| Beta blocker | 7414 (35) | 10 196 (37) | 6231 (36) | 6224 (36) | |
| Digoxin | 454 (2) | 619 (2) | 381 (2) | 377 (2) | |
| Nitrate | 1505 (7) | 1939 (7) | 1212 (7) | 1211 (7) | |
| Platelet inhibitors | 7447 (35) | 9353 (34) | 5937 (34) | 5964 (35) | |
| Anticoagulant | 1470 (7) | 2132 (8) | 1237 (7) | 1240 (7) | |
| Lipid lowering drug | 15 046 (72) | 19 374 (71) | 12 273 (71) | 12 261 (71) | |
| Antidepressant | 3139 (15) | 5206 (19) | 2841 (17) | 2855 (17) | |
| Antipsychotic | 701 (3) | 989 (4) | 609 (4) | 584 (3) | |
| Anxiolytic, hypnotic, or sedative | 3154 (15) | 4618 (17) | 2711 (16) | 2728 (16) | |
| Beta 2 agonist inhalant | 1725 (8) | 2887 (11) | 1538 (9) | 1522 (9) | |
| Anticholinergic inhalant | 538 (3) | 854 (3) | 473 (3) | 469 (3) | |
| Glucocorticoid inhalant | 1819 (9) | 2964 (11) | 1618 (9) | 1602 (9) | |
| Oral glucocorticoid | 1365 (6) | 2039 (7) | 1170 (7) | 1123 (7) | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 4828 (23) | 6544 (24) | 4029 (23) | 4056 (24) | |
| Opioid | 3474 (17) | 5384 (20) | 2982 (17) | 2989 (17) | |
| Number of drugs used in the past year: | |||||
| 0-4 | 2620 (12) | 2515 (9) | 1944 (11) | 1932 (11) | |
| 5-9 | 8972 (43) | 10 046 (37) | 7046 (41) | 7096 (41) | |
| 10-14 | 5995 (29) | 8360 (31) | 5102 (30) | 5090 (30) | |
| ≥15 | 3421 (16) | 6357 (23) | 3121 (18) | 3095 (18) | |
DDP4=dipeptidyl peptidase 4; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; ACE-I=angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; NA=not applicable.
*
One patient received both dapagliflozin and empagliflozin at cohort entry.
†
Including married or living with partner in Denmark and married in Sweden.
‡
Not included in propensity score.
§
Diagnosis of obesity in secondary care.