Table 2. Dementia Incidence and Association With Apathy.
| Source | Dementia | Criteria | Follow-up, Mean (SD), y | Dementia Incidence | Reported Association Apathy-Dementia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall, No. (%) | Apathy Group, No. (%) | No Apathy Group, No. (%) | Calculated RR (95% CI) | Crude (95% CI) | Adjusted (95% CI) | Adjustment | ||||
| Bartolini et al,29 2005 | AD | NINCDS | 1a | 33/222 (14.9) | 31/35 (88.6) | 2/187 (1.1) | 82.81 (20.76-330.37) | NA | OR: 3885 (154-97 902)b | Stepwise, depression (BDI), cognitive (TMT) |
| Burke et al,30 2016 | AD | NINCDS | 4.0 (0.6-8.8)c | 565/1441 (39.2) | 193/297 (65.0) | 372/1144 (32.5) | 2.00 (1.78-2.45) | HR: 6.99 (5.51-8.88) | HR: 9.51 (5.23-17.31) | Age, sex, race, Hispanic, ApE4, family history |
| Chan et al,39 2011 | Dementia | DSM-IV, TR | 2 | 51/321 (15.9) | 3/45 (6.7) | 48/276 (17.3) | 0.38 (0.13-1.18) | NA | OR: 0.31 (0.09-1.13) | Age, sex, education, baseline MMSE, depression, AbMB |
| Brodaty et al,37 2012 | Dementia | DSM-IV | 2 | 14/630 (2.2) | 0/14 (0.0) | 14/616 (2.2) | 1.42 (0.09-22.69) | NA | NA | NA |
| Van der Linde et al,38 2013 | Dementia | DSM-III | 2 | 128/879 (14.6) | 33/159 (20.8) | 95/720 (13.2) | 1.57 (1.10-2.49) | OR: 1.7 (1.1-2.7) | OR: 1.2 (0.7-1.9)d; OR: 1.0 (0.6-1.8)e | Age, sex, education, SOC, MMSE, SMC, OMC, ADL (BPS inst, emotional, stroke, MI, DM, SRH, smoking)e |
| Pink et al,35 2015 | Dementia | DSM-IV | 3.0 (2.5-5.3)f | 117/332 (35.2) | 25/55 (44.5) | 92/277 (33.2) | 1.34 (0.98-1.91) | NA | HR: 1.62 (1.03-2.54) | Age, sex, education, comorbidity |
| Teng et al,31 2007 | AD | NINCDS | 2.0 (1.2) | 12/51 (23.5) | 6/13 (46.2) | 6/38 (15.8) | 2.92 (1.14-7.48) | NA | NA | NA |
| Vicini Chilovi et al,32 2009 | Dementia | NINCDS,VaD, LBD | 2.0 (0.2) | 28/124 (22.6) | 13/36 (36.1) | 15/88 (17.0) | 2.12 (1.12-3.99) | NA | OR: 7.07 (1.9-25) | Age, depression (clinical diagnosis), ADL BI, Cognitive (ADAS) |
| Ramakers et al,24 2010 | Dementiab | NINCDS and DSM-IV | 5.4 | 90/225 (34.2) | 50/135 (37.0) | 40/90 (44.4) | 0.83 (0.61-1.15) | OR: 0.58 (0.35-0.96)b | OR: 0.67 (0.40-1.13)b | Age, sex, education |
| Richard et al,15 2012 | AD | Clinical | 2.7 (1.0) | 166/397 (41.8) | 82/178 (46.1) | 84/219 (38.4) | 1.20 (0.95-1.51) | HR: 1.43 (0.86-2.38)b | HR: 1.85 (1.09-3.15)b | Age, sex, education; cognitive (MMSE) |
| Somme et al,33 2013 | Dementia | DSM-IV | 3.5 (2.9) | 38/132 (28.0) | 21/69 (30.4) | 17/63 (27.0) | 1.13 (0.66-1.94) | NA | HR: 2.20 (1.003-4.82) | cognitive (MMSE) |
| Rosenberg et al,23 2013 | Dementiab | Clinical | 1.2 (0.3) | 527/1787 (29.5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | HR: 1.13 (1.00-1.28) | Age, sex, Hispanic race/ethnicity, cognitive (MMSE and CDR) |
| Sobów et al,34 2014 | Dementia | CDR = 1 | 2a | 27/83 (32.5) | 18/20 (90) | 9/63 (14.3) | 6.30 (3.38-11.74) | NA | OR: 70.7 (5.6-699) | Backward, sex, BMI, dBMI |
| Robert et al,28 2008 | AD | NINCDS | 3a | 59/215 (27.4) | 18/47 (38.3) | 41/168 (24.4) | 1.57 (1.00-2.46) | NA | HR: 2.48 (1.14-5.37) | Age, sex, education, cognitive (FCSRT) |
| Palmer et al,36 2010 | AD | NINCDS | 1.4 (8.4) | 15/99 (15.2) | 6/12 (50) | 9/87 (10.3) | 4.83 (2.09-11.18) | HR: 4.6 (1.3-16.2)d | HR: 6.9 (2.3-20.6)e | Age, sex, education, depression (clinical diagnosis), cognitive (MMSE)e |
| Peters et al,23 2013 | Dementiab | NINCDS and DSM-IIIR | 3.3 | 83/228 (36.4) | 7/21 (33.3) | 76/207 (36.7) | 0.91 (0.48-1.71) | NA | HR: 0.93 (0.43-2.02) | Age, education, ApE4, cognitive (3MS) |
Abbreviations: 3MS, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; AbMB, aberrant motor behavior; AD, Alzheimer Disease; ADAS, Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale; ADL BI, Activities of Daily Living, Barthel Index; ApE4, Apolipoprotein allele ε4; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory score; BL, baseline; BMI, body mass index; BPS, other behavioral and psychological symptoms; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; dBMI, change in BMI; DM, diabetes mellitus; FCSRT, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test; HR, hazard ratio; LBD, Lewy Body Dementia Standard Criteria; MI, myocardial infarction; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NINCDS, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association; OMC, objective memory impairment; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; SMC, subjective memory concerns; SOC, social class; SRH, self rated health; TMT, Trail Making Test; VaD, Vascular Dementia Standard Criteria (NINDS-AIREN).
No mean follow-up but assessment for whole cohort at stated time.
Study assessed both AD and all-cause dementia.
Mean (minimum-maximum).
Most adjusted estimate not overadjusted.
Estimate considered overadjusted (<10 events per predictor).
Median (interquartile range).