Table 3. Association of Risk Factors With Hypertension Among Men.
| Potential Mediating Factor | Sample Size | Age-Adjusted Least-Squares Mean (95% CI)a | Age-Adjusted Difference Between White and Black Participants (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)b | Adjusted Incidence Proportion (95% CI) | Absolute Risk Difference in Incidence (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Black | White Men | Black Men | Factor Absent or 25th Percentile of Factor | Factor Present or 75th Percentile of Factor | ||||
| Education level ≤high school | 2430 | 695 | 0.20 (0.18 to 0.22) | 0.38 (0.35 to 0.42) | −0.18 (−0.22 to −0.15) | 1.22 (1.02 to 1.47)c | 34.0 (32.0 to 35.9) | 38.7 (34.6 to 42.4) | 4.6 (0.1 to 8.8) |
| Income ≤$35 000 | 2234 | 637 | 0.23 (0.21 to 0.25) | 0.42 (0.39 to 0.46) | −0.19 (−0.23 to −0.15) | 1.20 (1.00 to 1.45)c | 34.3 (32.2 to 36.4) | 38.6 (34.7 to 42.6) | 4.3 (0 to 8.9) |
| Body mass indexd | 2426 | 693 | 27.3 (27.1 to 27.6) | 27.6 (27.2 to 27.9) | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.1) | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.32)e | 32.1 (30.5 to 35.0) | 37.3 (35.8 to 40.3) | 5.2 (3.2 to 7.7) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 2427 | 694 | 96.8 (96.3 to 97.4) | 95.7 (94.8 to 96.6) | 1.2 (0.1 to 2.2) | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.27)e | 32.5 (30.5 to 34.6) | 36.9 (34.9 to 39.2) | 4.4 (2.3 to 9.2) |
| Heavy alcohol usef | 2398 | 677 | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.40)c | 34.8 (33.0 to 36.8) | 34.1 (26.4 to 42.7) | −0.8 (−8.6 to 7.9) |
| Does not exercise | 2405 | 687 | 0.20 (0.18 to 0.22) | 0.24 (0.21 to 0.28) | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18)c | 35.0 (32.9 to 36.9) | 34.5 (30.8 to 38.1) | −0.5 (−4.5 to 3.7) |
| Depression scale score (CESD-4)g | 2410 | 689 | 0.57 (0.51 to 0.64) | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.03) | −0.34 (−0.47 to −0.21) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13)e | 34.6 (32.2 to 36.5) | 34.3 (33.2 to 37.1) | 0.7 (−0.4 to 1.9) |
| Perceived Stress Scale scoreh | 2430 | 695 | 2.40 (2.28 to 2.51) | 2.86 (2.66 to 3.05) | −0.46 (−0.69 to −0.23) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.08)e | 35.2 (32.5 to 37.6) | 35.0 (32.9 to 37.0) | −0.2 (−2.8 to 2.5) |
| DASH diet scorei | 2067 | 422 | 13.3 (13.1 to 13.6) | 14.7 (14.3 to 15.1) | −1.4 (−1.8 to −0.9) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.15)e | 33.5 (30.9 to 36.3) | 35.3 (35.3 to 37.8) | 1.8 (−1.2 to 4.6) |
| Mediterranean diet scorej | 2043 | 411 | 4.47 (4.38 to 4.56) | 4.19 (4.02 to 4.36) | 0.28 (0.09 to 0.48) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.10)e | 34.1 (31.7 to 36.7) | 34.3 (34.3 to 37.0) | 0.2 (−3.1 to 3.3) |
| Southern diet scorek | 2067 | 422 | −0.26 (−0.31 to −0.21) | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.90) | −1.07 (−1.17 to −0.97) | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.27)e | 32.4 (29.9 to 34.9) | 36.1 (33.8 to 38.3) | 3.7 (1.4 to 6.2) |
| Ratio of sodium to potassiuml | 2067 | 422 | 0.89 (0.87 to 0.98) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.00) | −0.09 (−0.12 to −0.06) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.20)e | 32.9 (30.4 to 35.5) | 35.8 (33.5 to 38.2) | 2.9 (0.4 to 5.5) |
Abbreviations: CESD-4, 4-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.
For dichotomous variables, the data have been scored 0 for “no” and 1 for “yes”; therefore, the mean is equivalent to the proportion.
Adjusted for age, race, and baseline systolic blood pressure for the risk factor of incident hypertension. For example, data on education were available on 2430 white participants and 695 black participants. The age-adjusted estimate of the proportion with an education level ≤high school was 20% for white participants (95% CI, 18% to 22%) and 38% for black participants (95% CI, 35% to 42%), which differed by 18% (95% CI, 15% to 22%). The odds of developing hypertension during follow-up was 1.22-times higher for those with an education level ≤high school (relative to those with >high school education level); 38.7% (95% CI, 34.6% to 42.4%) of those with an education level ≤high school developed hypertension vs 34.0% (95% CI, 32.0% to 35.9%) of those with >high school education level developed hypertension, which differed by 4.6% (95% CI, 0.1% to 8.8%).
Expressed as the difference in a dichotomous predictor.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Expressed for a 1-SD difference in a continuous predictor.
Defined according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism as ≥7 drinks per week in women or ≥14 drinks per week in men.
Range from 0 to 12; higher scores represent more depressive symptoms.
Range from 0 to 16; higher scores present more perceived stress.
Original score subtracted from 38; range from 0 to 29; higher scores reflect being less compliant with the diet.
Original score subtracted from 9; range from 0 to 9; higher scores reflect being less compliant with the diet.
Range from −4.5 to 8.2; higher scores reflect being more compliant with the diet.
Range from 0.3 to 2.5; higher scores represent a greater intake of sodium relative to potassium.