. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 13.

Published in final edited form as: J Subst Abus Alcohol. 2018 Oct 16;6(3):1081.

Table 3:

Association of Risk and Protective Factors by Levels of Gambling Involvement.

Independent Variable	1 Gambling Category^a	Non-gamblers^a
	RRR(95%CI)	RRR (95% CI)
Physical Discipline	0.91 (0.82–1.02)	0.75 (0.67–0.83)^***
Childhood Neglect	0.92 (0.83–1.01)	0.75 (0.68–0.82)^***
Religious Attendance >=l per week	0.98 (0.96–1.08)	1.03 (0.97–1.10)
Current Cigarette Use
European American	0.83 (0.74–0.92)^***	0.66 (0.58,0.74)^***
African American	0.93 (0.73–1.18)	0.81 (0.65–1.02)
Current Alcohol Use	0.66 (0.60–0.73)^***	0.44 (0.39–0.49)^***
Current Cannabis Use^b
African American	0.65 (0.52–0.84)^***	0.35 (0.28–0.45)^***
European American	0.73 (0.64–0.83)^***	0.7 (0.61–0.81)^***
Conduct Problems, >=3	0.83 (0.71–0.99)^*	0.94 (0.79,1.11)
Delinquency/Conduct Problems, 1–2	1.01 (0.92–1.13)	1.02 (0.91–1.13)
Depression^c	1.13 (0.98–1.30)	1.14 (1.28–1.53)
Gender (Female)	1.5 (1.37,1.64)^***	1.4 (1.28–1.53)^***
Race (African American)	1.38 (1.21–1.57)^***	2.66 (2.37–3.00)^***
Low Income	1.02 (0.90–1.12)	1.08 (0.98–1.19)
High Income	1.05 (0.91–1.15)	1.04 (0.89–1.21)
Age	0.82 (0.80–0.84)^***	0.77 (0.74–0.79)^***

p = .05;

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001, (p ≥ .05) bolded.

Gambled in two or more categories used as reference group.

Significant race interaction

Significant gender interaction.

RRR=Relative Risk Ratio