Table 1.

Glycemic control mechanisms of berberine

Upregulation of GLUT-4

Activation of AMPK

Suppression of adipogenesis by inhibiting PPARγ and C/EBPα function

Stimulation of GLP-1

Suppression of human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Stimulation of the pancreatic GPR40

Reduction of intestinal glucose absorption by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity

Abbreviations: AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; GLUT-4, glucose transporter type 4; GPR40, G protein-coupled receptor 40.