Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to different levels of depression
| Depression levels
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nondepressed | Borderline clinical depression | Moderate depression | Severe depression | Extreme depression | P-valuea | |
|
| ||||||
| Place of residence | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Beirut | 156 (50.2%) | 24 (66.7%) | 43 (72.9%) | 17 (68%) | 4 (80%) | 0.007 |
| South | 99 (31.8%) | 5 (13.9%) | 4 (6.8%) | 1 (4%) | 0 | |
| North | 20 (6.4%) | 1 (2.8%) | 5 (8.5%) | 2 (8%) | 1 (20%) | |
| Beqaa | 5 (1.6%) | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (1.7%) | 1 (4%) | 0 | |
| Mount Lebanon | 31 (10%) | 5 (13.9%) | 6 (10.2%) | 4 (16%) | 0 | |
|
| ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Male | 106 (34.1%) | 15 (41.7%) | 25 (42.4%) | 8 (32%) | 2 (40%) | 0.691 |
| Female | 205 (65.9%) | 21 (58.3%) | 34 (57.6%) | 17 (68%) | 3 (60%) | |
|
| ||||||
| Nationality | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Lebanese | 211 (67.8%) | 27 (75%) | 48 (81.4%) | 14 (56%) | 3 (60%) | 0.126 |
| Syrian | 40 (12.9%) | 4 (11.1%) | 6 (10.2%) | 8 (32%) | 2 (40%) | |
| Palestinian | 59 (19%) | 4 (11.1%) | 5 (8.5%) | 3 (12%) | 0 | |
| Others | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
| ||||||
| Occupation | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Employed | 80 (25.7%) | 5 (13.9%) | 11 (18.6%) | 5 (20%) | 0 | 0.037 |
| Unemployed | 176 (56.6%) | 21 (58.3%) | 31 (52.5%) | 9 (36%) | 2 (40%) | |
| Student | 4 (1.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0 | 1 (4%) | 0 | |
| Retired | 51 (16.4%) | 9 (25%) | 18 (28.8%) | 10 (40%) | 3 (60%) | |
|
| ||||||
| Monthly income (in Lebanon $) | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| <300$ | 140 (45%) | 18 (50%) | 36 (61%) | 19 (76%) | 5 (100%) | 0.157 |
| 300–600$ | 89 (28.6%) | 11 (30.6%) | 16 (27.1%) | 4 (16%) | 0 | |
| 601–1,000$ | 47 (15.1%) | 7 (19.4%) | 5 (8.5%) | 2 (8%) | 0 | |
| 1,001–1,500$ | 22 (7.1%) | 0 | 1 (1.7%) | 0 | 0 | |
| 1,501–2,500$ | 6 (1.9%) | 0 | 1 (1.7%) | 0 | 0 | |
| >2,500$ | 7 (2.3%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|
| ||||||
| Diabetes duration | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| <1 year | 31 (10%) | 2 (5.6%) | 2 (3.4%) | 3 (12%) | 0 | 0.447 |
| 1–5 years | 89 (28.6%) | 5 (13.9%) | 16 (27.1%) | 5 (20%) | 1 (20%) | |
| 6–10 years | 54 (17.4%) | 9 (25%) | 16 (27.1%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (40%) | |
| >10 years | 137 (44.1%) | 20 (55.6%) | 25 (42.4%) | 12 (48%) | 2 (40%) | |
|
| ||||||
| Sleeping hours | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| <6 hours | 87 (28%) | 16 (44.4%) | 22 (37.3%) | 11 (44%) | 1 (20%) | 0.033 |
| 6–7 hours | 144 (46.3%) | 9 (25%) | 24 (40.7%) | 8 (32%) | 1 (20%) | |
| 7–9 hours | 72 (23.2%) | 10 (27.8%) | 12 (20.3%) | 3 (12%) | 3 (60%) | |
| >9 hours | 8 (2.6%) | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (1.7%) | 3 (12%) | 0 | |
|
| ||||||
| Patient relief | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Yes | 266 (85.5%) | 30 (83.3%) | 39 (66.1%) | 23 (92%) | 3 (60%) | 0.002 |
| No | 45 (14.5%) | 6 (16.7%) | 20 (33.9%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (40%) | |
|
| ||||||
| Social performance impairment | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Yes | 75 (24.1%) | 14 (38.9%) | 30 (50.8%) | 13 (52%) | 2 (40%) | 0.00 |
| No | 236 (75.9%) | 22 (61.1%) | 29 (49.2%) | 12 (48%) | 3 (60%) | |
|
| ||||||
| Disease perception | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Terrified | 48 (15.4%) | 8 (22.2%) | 19 (32.2%) | 10 (40%) | 3 (60%) | |
| Okay with it | 180 (57.9%) | 22 (61.1%) | 36 (61%) | 10 (40%) | 1 (20%) | 0.00 |
| Will never be cured | 10 (3.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0 | 3 (12%) | 1 (20%) | |
| Neutral | 72 (23.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (5.1%) | 2 (8%) | 0 | |
| Other | 1 (0.3%) | 0 | 1 (1.7%) | 0 | 0 | |
Notes:
a
Comparative studies were performed using the chi-squared test.