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. 2018 Nov 8;11:717–728. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S179153

Table 3.

Frequencies of different levels of depression among different forms of medications, types of oral drugs used, and insulin therapy duration

Depression level
Nondepressed Borderline clinical depression Moderate depression Severe depression Extreme depression P-valuea
Form of medication
Pills 229 (73.6%) 23 (63.9%) 38 (64.4%) 16 (64%) 3 (60%) 0.485
Injections 15 (4.8%) 4 (11.1%) 6 (10.2%) 4 (16%) 1 (20%)
Pills and injections 63 (20.3%) 8 (22.2%) 13 (22%) 5 (20%) 1 (20%)
None 4 (1.3%) 1 (2.8%) 2 (3.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Total 311 36 59 25 5
Type of pills
Metformin 242 (72.8%) 26 (7.8%) 42 (12.6%) 19 (5.7%) 3 (0.9%) 0.681
Sulfonylurea 95 (70%) 15 (11%) 15 (11%) 11 (8%) 0 (0%) 0.136
DPP4 inhibitors 47 (73.4%) 4 (6.3%) 8 (12.5%) 2 (3.2%) 3 (4.6%) 0.837
SGLT2 inhibitors 4 (44.5%) 1 (11.1%) 3 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 1 (11.1%) 0.317
GLP1 agonists 4 (57.1%) 1 (14.2%) 2 (28.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.7
Insulin therapy duration
<1 year 9 (11.5%) 2 (16.7%) 0 (0%) 3 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 0.109
1–5 years 28 (35.9%) 3 (25%) 7 (36.8%) 3 (33.3%) 2 (100%)
>5 years 41 (52.6%) 7 (58.3%) 12 (63.2%) 3 (33.3%) 0 (0%)
Yes 254 (81.7%) 26 (72.2%) 37 (62.7%) 17 (68%) 3 (60%) 0.011
No 57 (18.3%) 10 (27.8%) 22 (37.3%) 8 (32%) 2 (40%)

Note:

a

Comparative studies were performed using the chi-squared test.

Abbreviations: DDPPIV, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP1, glucagon-like peptide 1; SGLT 2, sodium glucose cotransporter 2.