Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the study samples
| Characteristics | S I (n=50) | S II (n=53) | S III (n=52) | S IV (n=112) | P (S I vs S IV) | P (S II vs S IV) | P (S III vs S IV) | P (S I vs S II) | P (S I vs S III) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (female), n (%) | 13 (26.00%) | 25 (47.17%) | 16 (30.77%) | 47 (41.96%) | 0.055 | 0.615 | 0.227 | 0.041 | 0.664 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 37 (74.00) | 28 (52.83) | 36 (69.23) | 65 (58.04) | |||||
| Mean age, years (95% CI) | 54.70 (49.18–60.22) | 61.77 (57.74–65.80) | 58.08 (53.98–62.17) | 58.35 (55.32–61.38) | 0.215 | 0.192 | 0.918 | 0.041 | 0.323 |
| Average no. of days of hospital stay, days (95% CI) | 49.50 (33.86–65.14) | 15.58 (12.00–19.17) | 22.75 (17.60–27.90) | 4.84 (3.95–5.73) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Average no. of days of ICU stay, days (95% CI) | 45.26 (29.79–60.73) | 13.47 (10.07–16.88) | 20.58 (15.23–25.92) | 4.43 (3.54–5.32) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Improved evolution, n (%) | 4 (8.00) | 22 (41.51) | 18 (34.62) | 75 (66.96) | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Case fatality rate, n (%) | 44 (88.00) | 29 (54.72) | 30 (57.69) | 35 (31.25) | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Stationary evolution, n (%) | 2 (4.00) | 2(3.77) | 4 (7.69) | 2 (1.79) | 0.587 | 0.594 | 0.081 | 1.00 | 0.678 |
| Department of transfer | |||||||||
| Cardiology, n (%) | 3 (6.00) | – | 1 (1.92) | – | 0.028 | – | 0.309 | 0.117 | 0.357 |
| General surgery, n (%) | 5 (10.00) | 20 (37.74) | 13 (25.00) | 32 (28.57) | 0.009 | 0.237 | 0.633 | 0.001 | 0.047 |
| Vascular surgery, n (%) | 2 (4.00) | 6 (11.32) | 3 (5.77) | 14 (12.50) | 0.152 | 0.828 | 0.188 | 0.271 | 1.00 |
| Metabolic diseases, n (%) | 5 (10.00) | 5 (9.43) | 1 (1.92) | – | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.317 | 1.00 | 0.109 |
| Gastroenterology, n (%) | – | 1 (1.80) | 2 (3.85) | – | – | 0.321 | 0.099 | 1.00 | 0.495 |
| Neurosurgery, n (%) | 19 (38.00) | 18 (33.96) | 30 (57.69) | 63 (56.25) | 0.032 | 0.007 | 0.862 | 0.669 | 0.046 |
| Neurology, n (%) | 5 (10.00) | – | – | – | 0.002 | – | – | 0.024 | 0.025 |
| Nephrology, n (%) | – | 1 (1.80) | 1 (1.92) | – | – | 0.321 | 0.317 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Polytraumatology, n (%) | 4 (8.00) | – | – | 3 (2.68) | 0.204 | 0.552 | 0.552 | 0.052 | 0.054 |
| Emergency room, n (%) | 7 (14.00) | 2 (3.77) | – | – | <0.001 | 0.102 | – | 0.087 | 0.005 |
| Urology, n (%) | – | – | 1 (1.92%) | – | – | – | 0.317 | – | 1.00 |
| Risk factors | |||||||||
| Media ASA average, value (95% CI) | 4.88 (4.76–5.00) | 4.15 (3.90–4.40) | 4.54 (4.34–4.74) | 3.89 (3.70–4.08) | <0.001 | 0.117 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Average of the Charlson Comorbidity Index, value (95% CI) | 1.96 (1.41–2.51) | 3.11 (2.48–3.75) | 3.15 (2.56–3.75) | 3.62 (3.17–4.06) | <0.001 | 0.200 | 0.232 | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Average no. of days of antibiotic therapy, days (95% CI) | 28.12 (20.52–35.72) | 11.17 (8.48–13.86) | 13.08 (9.50–16.65) | 4.43 (3.54–5.32) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Average no. of antibiotics, no. (95% CI) | 2.80 (2.45–3.15) | 2.36 (1.98–2.74) | 2.10 (1.85–2.34) | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.046 | 0.002 |
| Average no. of days of mechanical ventilation, days (95% CI) | 31.94 (20.18–43.70) | 10.34 (6.93–13.74) | 9.69 (6.88–12.51) | 2.25 (1.79–2.71) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Average no. of days with CVC, days (95% CI) | 43.14 (28.07–58.21) | 13.47 (10.07–16.88) | 13.02 (8.13–17.91) | 4.38 (3.49–5.26) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Average no. of days with urinary catheter, days (95% CI) | 46.42 (30.68–62.16) | 13.40 (10.02–16.77) | 20.29 (15.15–25.43) | 4.43 (3.54–5.32) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Average no. of days with naso-/orogastric nutrition, days (95% CI) | 39.18 (23.39–54.97) | 6.75 (3.99–9.52) | 7.75 (2.97–12.53) | 1.26 (0.76–1.76) | <0.001 | 0.050 | 0.015 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HCAIs | |||||||||
| HA pneumonia, n (%) | 41 (82.00) | 35 (66.04) | 27 (51.92) | – | – | – | – | 0.066 | 0.001 |
| BSI, n (%) | 6 (12.00) | 9 (16.98) | 8 (15.38) | – | – | – | – | 0.474 | 0.619 |
| SSI, n (%) | 2 (4.00) | 9 (16.98) | 3 (5.77) | – | – | – | – | 0.033 | 1.00 |
| HA-UTI, n (%) | 1 (2.00) | – | 14 (26.92) | – | – | – | – | 0.485 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BSI, bloodstream infection; CVC, central vascular catheter; HA, hospital-acquired; HA-UTI, hospital-acquired urinary tract infection; HCAIs, health care-associated infections; ICU, intensive care unit; S, sample; SSI, surgical site infection.