Table 2.
Experimental data implicating endogenous bioelectric signal roles in morphogenesis
| Developmental Role | Species / model system | References |
|---|---|---|
| Cellular polarization (anatomical asymmetry of cell or epithelium) | Alga Fucus, yeast | [230, 231] |
| Migration of neurons and positional information | Chick, Amphibia | [232, 233] |
| Patterning in gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis | Chick, axolotl, frog | [90, 232, 234–237] |
| Directional transport of maternal components into the oocyte | Moth, Drosophila | [238] |
| Growth control and size determination | segmented worms | [239] |
| Neural differentiation | Xenopus embryo | [225, 240] |
| Polarity during regeneration | Planaria, plants, and annelids | [55, 56, 80, 81, 100, 241–243] |
| Induction of limb and spinal cord regeneration | Amphibia | [244–246] |
| Control of gene expression and anatomy in craniofacial patterning | Xenopus embryo | [247] |
| Induction of eye development | Xenopus embryo | [248] |