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RACK1 has different effects on translation depending on its binding to the ribosome. (A) RACK1 can recruit eIF4E, possibly facilitating a well-timed association of eIF4E with the 5′ caps of mRNAs on translating ribosomes. This would increase translational levels. (B) RACK1-deprived ribosomes are less efficient at recruiting eIF4E, and their translational output is diminished. (C) Free RACK1, if released or not associated with the ribosome, can repress translation, possibly via signaling.
