Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| HC (n = 26) | Range | MDD (n = 26) | Range | p-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M:F) | 12:14 | 12:14 | |||
| Age (in years) | 35.31 (11.23) | 22–54 | 35.27 (11.03) | 22–55 | 0.956 |
| Education (in years) | 13.62 (3.03) | 9–18 | 13.92 (3.31) | 9–21 | 0.779 |
| TMT-A (in seconds) | 22.22 (5.81) | 11–34 | 18.77 (4.67) | 13–30 | 0.322 |
| TMT-B (in seconds) | 39.50 (10.06) | 25–66 | 39.12 (15.09) | 18–76 | 0.914 |
| WST | 31.96 (3.54) | 21–36 | 33.42 (3.48) | 24–42 | 0.184 |
| MASQ | 43.92 (9.93) | 26–63 | 67.96 (17.80) | 34–101 | <0.001*** |
| BDI-II | 2.42 (3.20) | 0–11 | 17.62 (10.33) | 2–37 | <0.001*** |
| HRSD | – | – | 10.6 (7.70) | – | |
| STAI-State | 32.04 (5.42) | 24–49 | 40.23 (7.38) | 26–60 | <0.001*** |
| STAI-Trait | 33.42 (7.15) | 23–58 | 52.35 (9.93) | 33–65 | <0.001*** |
| ERQ-Reappraisal | 29.04 (5.43) | 12–37 | 23.69 (7.31) | 8–35 | 0.008** |
| ERI-Reappraisal | 9.12 (2.61) | 5–16 | 6.27 (3.05) | 1–14 | 0.001*** |
| ASF-E Positive Internal | 41.19 (4.62) | 31–47 | 34.54 (7.07) | 21–51 | <0.001*** |
| ASF-E Negative Internal | 35.81 (7.04) | 21–53 | 40.04 (8.10) | 27–56 | 0.050* |
| Clinical state (acute/remitted) | 10/16 | ||||
| Time since last episode (in months) | 7.15 (10.34) | 0–31 | |||
| Age at onset (in years) | 26.35 (9.67) | 13–47 | |||
| Time since first episode (in years) | 9.59 (8.54) | 0.5–35 | |||
| Number of episodes | 3.32 (3.30) | 1–13 | |||
| Duration of episodes (in months) | 6.20 (4.37) | 0.75–18 | |||
| Patients with recurrent MDE | 18 | ||||
| SSRI only | 5 | ||||
| Tricyclic antidepressant only | 4 | ||||
| SSRI + NaSSA | 3 | ||||
| SSNRI only | 3 | ||||
| Melatonergic antidepressant only | 2 | ||||
| Atypical antidepressant only | 1 | ||||
| SSNRI + anticonvulsant | 1 | ||||
| SSNRI + melatonergic antidepressant | 1 | ||||
| SSNRI + tricyclic antidepressant | 1 | ||||
| NaSSA + tricyclic antidepressant | 1 | ||||
Data indicated as n or mean with SD in parentheses. Abbreviations: ASF-E = Attributional Style Questionnaire for Adults, German version; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II; MDD = Patients with major depressive disorder; ERI = Emotion Regulation Inventory; ERQ = Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; HC = Healthy Controls; HRSD = Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression; MASQ = Mood and Anxiety Symptom Scale; MDE = Major Depressive Episode; NaSSA = Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonergic Antidepressant; SSNRI = Selective Serotonin Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitor; SSRI = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor; STAI = State Trait Anxiety Inventory; TMT-A/B = Trail Making Test-A/B; WST = “Wortschatztest” (verbal intelligence). Group differences are indicated by p-values. The following significance levels are applied: *p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001.