Table 1.
Physiologic and Echocardiographic Parameters
| C57BL/6J + Vehicle | db/db + Vehicle | db/db + Empagliflozin | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood metabolites, mM | |||
| Fed group glucose | 9.0 ± 0.2 | 11.3 ± 1.7 | 7.6 ± 0.3† |
| Fed group ketones | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.03† |
| Fed group FFA | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.87 ± 0.11∗ | 1.00 ± 0.19 |
| Fasted group glucose | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 21.4 ± 1.8∗ | 11.8 ± 1.3† |
| Fasted group ketones | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.14 | 1.20 ± 0.19† |
| Fasted group FFA | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.09∗ | 0.94 ± 0.04 |
| Echocardiography data | |||
| Fractional shortening, % | 31.1 ± 1.0 | 38.8 ± 1.2∗ | 35.9 ± 1.3∗ |
| Ejection fraction, % | 59.4 ± 1.5 | 69.5 ± 1.5∗ | 65.7 ± 1.8∗ |
| MV E, mm/s | 586 ± 21 | 616 ± 35 | 507 ± 38† |
| MV A, mm/s | 482 ± 25 | 498 ± 33 | 423 ± 35 |
| MV E/E' | 25.6 ± 1.0 | 27.1 ± 2.2 | 26.3 ± 2.4 |
| IVS;d, mm | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.92 ± 0.03 |
| IVS;s, mm | 1.31 ± 0.05 | 1.50 ± 0.04∗ | 1.42 ± 0.04 |
| LVID;d, mm | 3.77 ± 0.06 | 3.83 ± 0.08 | 3.81 ± 0.07 |
| LVID;s, mm | 2.65 ± 0.07 | 2.38 ± 0.08∗ | 2.47 ± 0.09 |
| LVPW;d, mm | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 0.91 ± 0.03 |
| LVPW;s, mm | 1.29 ± 0.06 | 1.32 ± 0.02 | 1.29 ± 0.04 |
Values are mean ± SD. Mice in the fed group were treated for 4 weeks with empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. For the fasting measurements, an independent set of mice were given a single 10 mg/kg dose of empagliflozin or vehicle and then subjected to a 24-h fast. Blood metabolite levels are shown in the fed group for glucose (n = 16 per group), ketones (n = 14 to16 per group), and FFA (n = 8 to 15 per group), and in the fasted group (n = 8 to 10 per group). Fractional shortening and ejection fraction of the left ventricle (n = 14 to 19 per group) and mitral valve (MV) E, MV A, and MV E/E' (n = 14 to19 per group) are shown. Ventricular measurements, including interventricular septum at end diastole/systole (IVS;d, IVS;s), left ventricular internal diameter at end diastole/systole (LVID;d, LVID;s) and left ventricular posterior wall at end diastole/systole (LVPW;d, LVPW;s) are included. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed by One-Way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test.
ANOVA = analysis of variance; FFA = free fatty acids; IVS = interventricular septum; LSD = least significant difference; LVID = left ventricular internal diameter; LVPW = left ventricular posterior wall; MV = mitral valve.
p<0.05 was considered as significantly different compared to C57BL/6J + Vehicle.
p<0.05 was considered as significantly different compared to db/db + Vehicle.