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. 2018 Nov 13;18:1111. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4999-9

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 9 — Diagrammatic representation of occurrence of colorectal cancer (a) and various modulatory mechanisms of combinatorial administration of probiotics and celecoxib (b) in CRC with respect to different biomarkers. (a) DMH-induced DNA methylation activates Wnt pathway which is accelerated by over expression of pro-inflammatory markers. Further, presence of harmful bacteria and production of toxic metabolites along with reduced pro-apoptotic markers leads to carcinogenesis. (b) Administration of probiotics and celecoxib modulate Wnt signaling pathway and ameliorate gut microbiome which could lead to reduced inflammation and enhanced apoptotic markers subsequently preventing carcinogenesis