Table 1.
Univariate analysis of epidemiologic parameters, length of stay, and direct hospital costs of cases with blood stream infection caused by enterococcus spp. stratified by vancomycin resistance
| Parameter | (A) VS-E. faecium (n = 493) | (B) VS-E. faecalis (n = 563) | P-Value for A) vs. B) | (C) VR-E. faecium (n = 103) | P-Value for C) vs. A) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-Value | OR (CI 95) | P-Value | OR (CI 95) | ||||
| In-hospital mortality | 39.6% (195) | 24.4% (132) | 0.000 | 2.137 (1.638-2.787) | 50.5% (52) | 0.041 | 1.558 (1.017–2.387) |
| Male | 58.6% (289) | 63.1% (355) | 0.141 | 0.830 (0.648-1.063) | 66.0% (68) | 0.163 | 1.371 (0.879–2.141) |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 67 (54–75) | 64 (53–73) | 0.059 | n.a. | 61 (52–70) | 0.107 | |
| Cardiac disease | 28.2% (139) | 29.0% (163) | 0.786 | 0.964 (0.737-1.259) | 26.2% (27) | 0.683 | 0.905 (0.559-1.464) |
| Vascular disease | 22.1% (109) | 22.4% (126) | 0.916 | 0.984 (0.736-1.317) | 22.3% (23) | 0.961 | 1.013 (0.608-1.687) |
| Pulmonary disease | 20.1% (99) | 23.1% (130) | 0.236 | 0.837 (0.623-1.124) | 21.4% (22) | 0.769 | 1.081 (0.643-1.818) |
| Rheumatic disease | 3.0% (15) | 3.6% (20) | 0.644 | 0.852 (0.431-1.683) | 2.9% (3) | 0.944 | 0.956 (0.272-3.364) |
| Gastrointestinal disease | 5.5% (27) | 3.7% (21) | 0.174 | 1.495 (0.834-2.680) | 5.8% (6) | 0.888 | 1.068 (0.429-2.656) |
| Diabetes | 22.9% (113) | 32.0% (180) | 0.001 | 0,633 (0,481-0,833) | 19.4% (20) | 0.437 | 0,810 (0.476-1.379) |
| Renal disease | 59.0% (291) | 52.8% (297) | 0.041 | 1.290 (1.011-1.647) | 70.9% (73) | 0.025 | 1.689 (1.065-2.679) |
| Liver disease | 29.6% (146) | 19.9% (112) | 0.000 | 1.694 (1.276-2.249) | 42.7% (44) | 0.009 | 1.772 (1.146-2,74) |
| Cancer/ immunological disease | 48.1% (237) | 36.1% (203) | 0.000 | 1.642 (1.283-2.101) | 53.4% (55) | 0.325 | 1.238 (0.809-1.894) |
| Neurological disease | 7.3% (36) | 13.0% (73) | 0.003 | 0,529 (0,348-0,804) | 8.7% (9) | 0.616 | 1.215 (0.566-2.608) |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR) | 7 (4–9) | 7 (4–9) | 0.907 | n.a. | 7 (5–9) | 0.377 | n.a. |
| Length of stay as Median (IQR) | |||||||
| LOS total (days) | 42 (23–78) | 32 (16–61) | 0.000 | n.a. | 54 (36–85) | 0.010 | n.a. |
| LOS before BSI (days) | 19 (9–34) | 10 (2–25) | 0.000 | n.a. | 27 (15–39) | 0.003 | n.a. |
| LOS after BSI (days) | 18 (8–41) | 16 (8–33) | 0.308 | n.a. | 23 (8–45) | 0.183 | n.a. |
| LOS normal ward | 15 (1–36) | 11 (1–25) | 0.010 | n.a. | 17 (0–44) | 0.368 | n.a. |
| LOS ICU | 18 (1–49) | 10 (1–40) | 0.016 | n.a. | 24 (5–57) | 0.050 | n.a. |
| Hospital costs as median (IQR) | |||||||
| Total hospital costs | 51,365 (22,535-119,789) | 31,122 (11,829-74,344) | 0.000 | n.a. | 80,465 (47,887–157,447) | 0.000 | n.a. |
| Daily costs | 1,237 (729–1,812) | 1,014 (614–1,466) | 0.000 | n.a. | 1,484 (1,095–2,186) | 0.000 | n.a. |
| Medical staff | 7,600 (3169-16,468) | 5,344 (1841-12,213) | 0.000 | n.a. | 10,390 (6,364–20,983) | 0.002 | n.a. |
| Nursing staff | 11,499 (4,476-26,237) | 7,141 (2,610-21,591) | 0.000 | n.a. | 16,661 (8,029–32,905) | 0.003 | n.a. |
| Assistant medical technicians | 2,630 (1,028-5694) | 1,906 (646–4,325) | 0.000 | n.a. | 3,665 (1,397–6,795) | 0.082 | n.a. |
| Pharmacy | 6,924 (2,200-20,922) | 2,742 (636–7,865) | 0.000 | n.a. | 17,145 (8,087–36,779) | 0.000 | n.a. |
| Expenses for implants/transplants | 0 (0–412) | 0 (0–170) | 0.005 | n.a. | 20 (0–605) | 0.767 | n.a. |
| Medical supply | 6,858 (2,820-15,057) | 3,926 (− 1,338-9,782) | 0.000 | n.a. | 9,878 (5,104–18,957) | 0.002 | n.a. |
| Medical infrastructure | 1,893 (939–4,128) | 1,473 (547–3,271) | 0.000 | n.a. | 2,629 (1,611–5,219) | 0.001 | n.a. |
| Non-medical infrastructure | 8,975 (4,215-18,206) | 6,176 (2,576-14,049) | 0.000 | n.a. | 12,244 (6,763–20,002) | 0.003 | n.a. |
Categorical variables displayed as percentage and number; continuous variable displayed as median and interquartile range. *P-value, categorical variables tested with Chi-square test, continuous variable tested with Wilcoxon rank sum test. BSI = blood stream infection, IQR = interquartile range, OR = odds ratio, CI95 = 95% confidence interval. VRE = vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, VSE = vancomycin-susceptible enterococcus. N.a. = not applicable
Bold entries represent statistically significant factors