Table 5.

Risk of Bias Assessment for Pre-Post or uncontrolled studies

Ref	First Author	Year	Total Risk Scorea (out of 11 criteriab)	% score	Final Risk Level (0–25% = high risk, 26–75% = moderate risk, 76–100% = low risk)
[35]	Ajuwon	2013	6	54.55	Moderate
[39]	Klinger	2016	8	72.73	Moderate
[42]	Leonard	2000	8	72.73	Moderate
[13]	Manafa	2006	6	54.55	Moderate
[46]	Miller	2008	7	63.64	Moderate
[37]	Ndebele	2012	7	63.64	Moderate
[36]	Srinivas	2013	5	45.45	Moderate
[44]	Talbot	2013	7	63.64	Moderate
[47]	Visser	2005	5	45.45	Moderate
[48]	Temmerman	1990	6	54.55	Moderate
[41]	Geibel	2012	7	63.64	Moderate

^a See Additional file 1: Table S7 for specific scores on each of the 11 criteria

^b One of the original tool’s criteria; “in the case of group-level interventions, adjustments made for use of individual data to determine group level effects”, was not relevant to any of the included studies, and, as recommended by the tool developers, was thus not included in the assessment