Table 1.
Household characteristics in Zhejiang and Qinghai province, China
| Household characteristics | Households | Households with CHE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 1598) | Zhejiang (n = 995) | Qinghai (n = 603) | P-value | Total (n = 280) | Zhejiang (n = 96) | Qinghai (n = 184) | P-value | |
| Household with CHE, n (%) | 280 (17.5) | 96 (9.6) | 184 (30.5) | < 0.000 | ||||
| Household income per year, mean (SE) (US $) | 17,430.06 (459.00) |
21,539.81 (539.19) |
10,648.63 (752.56) |
< 0.000 | 6507.53 (528.52) |
9462.44 (1187.59) |
4965.83 (477.67) |
0.001 |
| Household consumption expenditure per year, mean (SE) (US $) | 10,934.17 (244.05) |
12,638.74 (283.19) |
8121.48 (423.20) |
< 0.000 | 8252.97 (772.65) |
10,073.46 (1168.00) |
7303.15 (1000.57) |
0.021 |
| Household health expenditure per year, mean (SE) (US $) | 2204.33 (121.62) |
2013.31 (110.52) |
2519.53 (265.40) |
0.002 | 5774.66 (606.82) |
6912.54 (798.13) |
5180.98 (822.29) |
0.022 |
| Household size, mean (SE) | 3.04 (0.03) | 2.86 (0.04) | 3.35 (0.06) | < 0.000 | 3.19 (0.09) | 2.53 (0.11) | 3.54 (0.11) | < 0.000 |
| Poor/low-insured household, n (%) | 91 (5.7) | 25 (2.5) | 66 (10.9) | < 0.000 | 41 (14.6) | 13 (13.5) | 28 (15.2) | 0.707 |
| Rural household head, n (%) | 859 (53.8) | 583 (58.6) | 276 (45.8) | < 0.000 | 181 (64.6) | 71 (74.0) | 110 (59.8) | 0.019 |
| Male household head, n (%) | 1202 (75.2) | 770 (77.4) | 432 (71.6) | 0.010 | 223 (79.6) | 76 (79.2) | 147 (79.9) | 0.886 |
| Minority household head, n (%) | 171 (10.7) | 14 (1.4) | 157 (26.0) | < 0.000 | 80 (28.6) | 3 (3.1) | 77 (41.8) | < 0.000 |
| Married household head, n (%) | 1334 (83.5) | 859 (86.3) | 475 (78.8) | < 0.000 | 222 (79.3) | 76 (79.2) | 146 (79.3) | 0.972 |
| Educational status of household head, n (%) | < 0.000 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Illiteracy | 166 (10.4) | 56 (5.6) | 110 (18.2) | 68 (24.3) | 10 (10.4) | 58 (31.5) | ||
| Primary school | 448 (28.0) | 305 (30.7) | 143 (23.7) | 99 (35.4) | 43 (44.8) | 56 (30.4) | ||
| Secondary school | 516 (32.3) | 334 (33.6) | 182 (30.2) | 71 (25.4) | 29 (30.2) | 42 (22.8) | ||
| High/technical school or above | 468 (29.3) | 300 (30.2) | 168 (27.9) | 42 (15.0) | 14 (14.6) | 28 (15.2) | ||
| Employment status of household head, n (%) | < 0.000 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Employed | 1027 (64.3) | 673 (67.6) | 354 (58.7) | 134 (47.9) | 38 (39.6) | 96 (52.2) | ||
| Retired | 305 (19.1) | 192 (19.31) | 113 (18.7) | 61 (21.8) | 22 (22.9) | 39 (21.2) | ||
| Unemployed | 266 (16.6) | 130 (13.1) | 136 (22.6) | 85 (30.4) | 36 (37.5) | 49 (26.6) | ||
| Proportion of members with health insurance in household (%),mean (SE) | 97.04 (0.32) | 96.95 (0.39) | 97.20 (0.55) | 0.164 | 97.73 (0.67) | 98.75 (0.66) | 97.20 (0.97) | 0.502 |
| Number of members over 60 years in household, mean (SE) | 0.70 (0.02) | 0.78 (0.03) | 0.56 (0.03) | < 0.000 | 0.86 (0.05) | 1.14 (0.09) | 0.72 (0.06) | < 0.000 |
| Number of members with chronic diseases in household in the last six months, mean (SE) | 0.39 (0.02) | 0.33 (0.02) | 0.48 (0.03) | < 0.000 | 0.74 (0.05) | 0.74 (0.08) | 0.74 (0.06) | 0.963 |
| Number of outpatients in household in the last two weeks of the survey, mean (SE) | 0.18 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.486 | 0.39 (0.04) | 0.45 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.04) | 0.225 |
| Number of inpatients in household in the last one year of the survey, mean (SE) | 0.24 (0.1) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.34 (0.02) | < 0.000 | 0.63 (0.04) | 0.63 (0.07) | 0.63 (0.05) | 0.967 |
CHE catastrophic health expenditure; SE standard error; interquartile range; US United States
Household size: number of permanent residents in household; Poor/low-insured household: poor or low-insured household identified by the local government; Married: married status in the marriage law
χ2 or Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables, and T-test or Manny-Whitney test was for continuous variables